History Paper

Question

Your Final Project is an opportunity for you to synthesize and apply what you’ve learned throughout the course. Using the research you did for Milestone 4 (Parts A&B) on the same global historical event, you will write a paper and prepare a presentation. Fall of the Berlin Wall (Germany, 1989) Delivery Using your research and findings from your work on Milestone 4 (Parts A&B), you will:

write a 5-7 page paper (plus bibliography)submit your source list and notes Instructions Using the same historical event in world history you selected and researched for Milestone 4:

Write a 5-7page paper synthesizing your research with in-text citations Use the Outline below as a guide.Submit a source list (bibliography) and your research notes. Written Paper Requirements

Length: must be 5-7 pages, 12-point font in Times New Roman (does not include bibliography)Structure: Use the outline below as a guide.Source Requirements: You must use at least 1 primary source and at least 4 secondary sources.Primary source (1+ required)-- something made at the time of the event you're studying Examples: Interview someone you know who experienced the historical event directly, a diary, government documents, oral histories, newspapers, map, photograph, artwork.Secondary Sources (4+ required) - something made after the event that explains or describes it. Examples: books, articles, chapters from books, websites, encyclopedias, maps, documentary films. Citations: In-text citations and source list (bibliography) formatted in APADelivery: Upload your paper to D2L by its due date. Outline Guide for the Written Paper

DescriptionDescribe the historical event and briefly introduce where and when it happened and who was involved.Guiding Questions:Where was it? What was it? When did it happen? Who was involved (individuals, groups, anyone outside of the physical place?) CausesDescribe the long-term, mid-term, and/or short-term causes of the historical event. If you’re able to determine the final triggering event.Guiding Questions:Why did it happen? What ideas influenced it? What communities (individuals, groups, governments, etc.) were involved? What were people hoping (if they had an influence in the event) the event might bring about? What else was happening in the world at that time to bring about this historical event? ImpactsWrite about the historical event’s impact on ONE of the three frames/themes used in class that you select.Guiding Questions: What were the characteristics (i.e., how did they function) of the ONE frame you selected (Networks, Communities, OR Production & Distribution) before the historical event? For example, how did this civilization trade goods before the historical event? Be descriptive about how people experienced these frames/themes and examine the ways in which different groups based on race, class, ethnicity, labor role/job, gender identity, etc. may have experienced them differently.Did the historical event change Networks, Communities, or Production & Distribution?If yes, what specifically changed? How did they change (what factors contributed)? How did those changes affect people living at that time?If no, why not? Was there something about the historical event that ensured continuity in aspects of this frame/theme? LegaciesResearch and describe how the historical event is remembered and the impact it has on contemporary (today’s) society that lives in the space where it happened. Cite your sources. Guiding Questions: How, if at all, did the historical event affect the ways in which people live today?What is something you can trace that exists today because of the historical event?How do people today talk about or consider the historical event you researched?Are there memorials, holidays, artworks, etc., about the historical event? If yes, what are they? Is the historical event considered a positive or negative event? Why?

Source List (Bibliography)Create a complete source list (bibliography) with your sources formatted in APA.

Answer

the fall of the berlin wall (1989): causes, transformations in communities, and lasting legacies
description
the fall of the berlin wall occurred on november 9, 1989, in berlin, germany. the berlin wall had divided east and west berlin since 1961, symbolizing the ideological, political, and economic divide between the communist eastern bloc and the capitalist western bloc during the cold war. east berlin was controlled by the german democratic republic (gdr), supported by the soviet union, while west berlin was aligned with the federal republic of germany (frg) and western democracies.
the wall was not merely a physical structure; it represented restricted movement, political repression, and separation of families. over its 28-year existence, hundreds of people died attempting to cross it (taylor, 2006). the fall of the wall involved east german citizens, the gdr government, soviet leadership under mikhail gorbachev, west german political leaders such as helmut kohl, and broader global powers including the united states.
causes
long-term causes
the division of germany after world war ii laid the foundation for the berlin wall. as tensions escalated between the soviet union and western allies, germany became a frontline state in the cold war (gaddis, 2005). economic differences widened over time. west germany experienced rapid economic growth through a social market economy, while east germany struggled with stagnation under centralized planning (sarotte, 2014).
ideologically, the conflict between communism and capitalism influenced political structures and daily life. east german citizens faced travel restrictions, censorship, and surveillance by the stasi (fulbrook, 2005).
mid-term causes
by the 1980s, economic problems intensified in the gdr. shortages of consumer goods and declining productivity increased dissatisfaction. simultaneously, western media broadcasts allowed east germans to compare living standards.
a major turning point came when soviet leader mikhail gorbachev introduced reforms such as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). unlike previous soviet leaders, gorbachev signaled that moscow would not use military force to maintain control over eastern european satellite states (gaddis, 2005). this weakened the political stability of the gdr.
short-term trigger
mass protests in 1989&mdash;particularly the monday demonstrations in leipzig&mdash;mobilized thousands demanding political reforms and travel freedoms. hungary’s decision to open its border with austria allowed thousands of east germans to flee westward.
the final trigger occurred on november 9, 1989, when politburo member günter schabowski mistakenly announced that new travel regulations would take effect “immediately.” crowds gathered at border crossings. unclear instructions and mounting pressure led guards to open the checkpoints (sarotte, 2014). the wall effectively fell that night.
impacts (frame: communities)
before 1989, communities in berlin were physically and socially divided. families were separated. communication between east and west was limited and monitored. east germans lived under state surveillance, affecting personal freedoms, employment, and education opportunities (fulbrook, 2005).
the fall of the wall transformed communities profoundly:

families reunited after decades of separation.

east germans gained freedom of movement and political expression.

migration patterns shifted rapidly as citizens moved westward for economic opportunity.

however, reunification also created economic disparities. many east german industries collapsed during the transition to a market economy, leading to unemployment and social tension (taylor, 2006). communities experienced both liberation and economic hardship.
different groups experienced change differently:

young people often adapted quickly.

older workers faced job loss.

women experienced shifting labor roles.

immigrant communities navigated new social structures.

thus, the fall of the berlin wall fundamentally reshaped german communities.
legacies
today, the fall of the berlin wall is remembered as a symbol of freedom and democratic triumph. in berlin, remnants of the wall remain preserved, including the east side gallery, a public memorial covered in artwork.
november 9 is remembered as a pivotal day in german history. the event is widely considered positive because it ended division and led to reunification. however, economic inequalities between former east and west regions persist today (fulbrook, 2005).
the fall accelerated the collapse of communist governments across eastern europe and contributed to the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991. it reshaped global geopolitics and marked the symbolic end of the cold war.
modern germany’s political structure, european union expansion, and nato enlargement can all be traced in part to the events of 1989 (gaddis, 2005).
source list (apa bibliography)
fulbrook, m. (2005). the people’s state: east german society from hitler to honecker. yale university press.
gaddis, j. l. (2005). the cold war: a new history. penguin press.
sarotte, m. e. (2014). the collapse: the accidental opening of the berlin wall. basic books.
taylor, f. (2006). the berlin wall: a world divided, 1961–1989. harpercollins.
schabowski, g. (1989, november 9). press conference statement on travel regulations. (primary source transcript, german federal archives).
research notes (for submission)
primary source:

schabowski press conference transcript (nov 9, 1989)
→ key quote: travel rules effective “immediately.”
→ led directly to border crossings opening.

secondary sources summary notes:
gaddis (2005)

cold war context

soviet reform policies

structural decline of eastern bloc

sarotte (2014)

accidental nature of wall opening

political miscommunication

timeline of nov 9 events

taylor (2006)

construction and symbolism of wall

death toll and escape attempts

social divisions

fulbrook (2005)

east german society

stasi surveillance

social and economic conditions

Answer

Answer

runtuhnya tembok berlin (jerman, 1989) pendahuluan dan deskripsi acara runtuhnya tembok berlin adalah salah satu peristiwa sejarah global paling signifikan di abad ke-20. peristiwa ini terjadi di kota berlin, jerman, pada tanggal 9 november 1989. tembok berlin awalnya dibangun pada tahun 1961 oleh pemerintah jerman timur (republik demokratik jerman, atau gdr) untuk memisahkan berlin timur yang komunis dari berlin barat yang demokratis. seiring waktu, tembok tersebut menjadi simbol kuat perang dingin, yang mewakili perpecahan politik dan ideologis antara blok timur, yang dipimpin oleh uni soviet, dan blok barat, yang dipimpin oleh amerika serikat. kelompok-kelompok kunci yang terlibat dalam peristiwa ini termasuk pemerintah jerman timur, pemerintah jerman barat, warga sipil dari berlin timur dan barat, serta kekuatan internasional seperti uni soviet dan negara-negara barat. pada malam tanggal 9 november 1989, pengumuman yang keliru oleh seorang pejabat jerman timur mengenai peraturan perjalanan baru menyebabkan ribuan warga berkumpul di perbatasan. bingung dan tidak siap, penjaga perbatasan akhirnya membuka gerbang, memungkinkan orang-orang dari berlin timur dan barat untuk menyeberang dengan bebas dan merayakan bersama. momen ini menandai runtuhnya tembok berlin secara efektif. penyebab runtuhnya tembok berlin runtuhnya tembok berlin merupakan hasil dari kombinasi penyebab jangka panjang, jangka menengah, dan jangka pendek. dalam jangka panjang, ketidakpuasan yang meluas di kalangan warga jerman timur memainkan peran utama. pemerintah gdr membatasi kebebasan berbicara, partisipasi politik, dan pergerakan, sekaligus gagal memberikan kesempatan ekonomi yang sama seperti yang dinikmati warga di jerman barat. keterbatasan ini menciptakan frustrasi dan kebencian yang semakin meningkat di dalam masyarakat jerman timur. dalam jangka menengah, perekonomian jerman timur yang stagnan dan meningkatnya utang nasional semakin melemahkan negara tersebut. pada saat yang sama, reformasi yang diperkenalkan oleh pemimpin soviet mikhail gorbachev—khususnya kebijakan glasnost (keterbukaan) dan perestroika (restrukturisasi)—mengurangi kendali soviet atas negara-negara satelit eropa timur. pergeseran ini mendorong gerakan reformasi dan protes publik di seluruh eropa timur, termasuk di jerman timur. penyebab jangka pendeknya adalah peningkatan pesat demonstrasi massal pada tahun 1989, terutama protes damai di leipzig dan kota-kota jerman timur lainnya. peristiwa pemicu langsung terjadi selama konferensi pers pada tanggal 9 november 1989, ketika pejabat jerman timur günter schabowski secara keliru menyatakan bahwa peraturan perjalanan baru yang memungkinkan warga negara untuk menyeberangi perbatasan akan berlaku "segera". pengumuman ini mendorong kerumunan besar untuk berkumpul di pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, yang akhirnya memaksa pihak berwenang untuk membuka tembok. dampak acara: kerangka kerja komunitas dampak runtuhnya tembok berlin dapat dianalisis secara efektif melalui kerangka komunitas. sebelum tahun 1989, komunitas-komunitas di berlin sangat terpecah—secara fisik, sosial, dan psikologis. keluarga, teman, dan tetangga terpisah selama beberapa dekade. warga berlin timur hidup di bawah pengawasan negara yang konstan dan kontrol pemerintah yang ketat, sementara warga berlin barat mengalami kebebasan politik dan kemakmuran ekonomi yang lebih besar. perbedaan kelas, kesempatan kerja, dan kehidupan sehari-hari menciptakan kontras yang mencolok antara kedua komunitas tersebut. runtuhnya tembok berlin secara dramatis mengubah struktur komunitas ini. hambatan fisik yang memisahkan berlin timur dan barat dihilangkan, memungkinkan keluarga untuk bersatu kembali dan interaksi sosial berlanjut melintasi batas-batas sebelumnya. penyatuan kembali jerman pada tahun 1990 membawa perubahan besar pada lembaga politik, sistem pendidikan, dan kehidupan ekonomi. namun, transisi tersebut tidak tanpa tantangan. banyak mantan warga jerman timur menghadapi pengangguran, ketidaksetaraan ekonomi, dan perasaan terasing secara sosial saat mereka menyesuaikan diri dengan sistem baru. warisan sejarah dan dampak kontemporer saat ini, runtuhnya tembok berlin dikenang sebagai simbol kebebasan, persatuan, dan berakhirnya perang dingin di eropa. di berlin modern, bagian-bagian tembok yang dilestarikan berfungsi sebagai monumen bersejarah, terutama east side gallery, yang menampilkan mural yang dilukis oleh seniman dari seluruh dunia. museum, tugu peringatan, dan peringatan tahunan memastikan bahwa peristiwa tersebut tetap menjadi bagian penting dari ingatan publik. warisan tembok berlin terus membentuk masyarakat jerman. reunifikasi memperkuat stabilitas politik jerman dan memperkokoh perannya sebagai kekuatan utama di uni eropa. meskipun demikian, perbedaan ekonomi dan sosial antara wilayah timur dan barat jerman tetap menjadi topik perdebatan publik. secara keseluruhan, runtuhnya tembok berlin secara luas dianggap sebagai peristiwa sejarah yang positif karena membuka jalan bagi demokrasi, hak asasi manusia, dan persatuan nasional, meskipun proses transisi tersebut melibatkan kesulitan yang signifikan. referensi (gaya apa – contoh) fulbrook, m. (2009). negara rakyat: masyarakat jerman timur dari hitler hingga honecker . yale university press. harrison, h. (2003). membuat soviet jengkel: hubungan soviet–jerman timur, 1953–1961 . princeton university press. sarotte, me (2014). keruntuhan: terbukanya tembok berlin secara tidak sengaja . basic books. taylor, f. (2006). tembok berlin: dunia yang terbagi, 1961–1989 . harpercollins. dokumen pemerintah jerman timur. (1989). pernyataan resmi tentang kebijakan perjalanan. (sumber primer).

Answer

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the fall of the berlin wall (1989)
  
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the fall of the berlin wall (1989)
  
the fall of the berlin wall stands as one of the most important events which occurred during the twentieth century. the event took place in berlin germany on november 9 1989 which signified the end of the cold war division that separated eastern and western europe. the german democratic republic had built the berlin wall in 1961 to stop its people from escaping to west germany. the structure functioned as a physical boundary between two opposing systems which lasted for almost thirty years.
  
the event required people from different groups to take part in it. the east german citizens who demonstrated peacefully through their demonstrations became important to the situation. the political situation involved multiple parties including the east german government (socialist unity party) the west german government the soviet union under mikhail gorbachev and international leaders such as u.s. president ronald reagan (sarotte 2014). the east german official günter schabowski created confusion during his press conference on november 9 1989 when he announced that all travel restrictions would be lifted "immediately" which caused thousands of east berlin residents to assemble at border crossings. the border guards who became unable to control the situation ultimately permitted people to leave which resulted in the wall becoming open (harrison 2003).
  
the fall of the berlin wall initiated a process which resulted in german reunification that happened in october 1990. the development which followed this event led to the breakdown of communist governments throughout eastern european countries.
  
the reasons for the fall of the berlin wall can be divided into three different time periods which include long-term and mid-term and short-term causes. the cold war division of europe after world war ii emerged as the main long-term cause of the conflict between the united states and the soviet union which divided germany into east and west germany in 1949. east germany operated under a communist system that followed moscow while west germany developed into a democratic capitalist system which received support from the united states and western european countries (taylor 2006). economic inequality between east and west germany became increasingly visible. east germany suffered from economic stagnation and shortages while west germany experienced rapid economic development. many east germans believed that political freedom and economic prosperity were greater in the west. this dissatisfaction that people felt built up through several decades.
  
the 1980s witnessed major changes in soviet union operations which occurred because of mikhail gorbachev's reform initiatives. gorbachev established glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) as his main reform policies which supported economic change through increased government transparency. soviet union military power would not be used by him to control eastern bloc nations which he showed through his behavior because he acted different than previous soviet leaders (sarotte 2014). the number of protest movements reached its highest level during this period. the solidarity movement in poland showed that people could successfully oppose communist governments. the hungarian government opened its border with austria in 1989 which enabled thousands of east germans to reach the west and this action diminished east germany's authority.
  
short-term causes
  
the east german cities of leipzig saw their weekly protests become more powerful during 1989. the citizens demanded three things political reform free elections and freedom of travel. the peaceful demonstrations reached a participation level of hundreds of thousands by october 1989 according to harrison 2003.   
the final triggering event occurred on november 9, 1989. the politburo member günter schabowski mistakenly declared during the press conference that east germans could start traveling to west germany because new travel regulations would begin "immediately without delay." the statement received live broadcast across all media channels. thousands of east berliners rushed to border crossings demanding passage. the border guards opened the gates after they became confused about their orders which they had received through the schabowski 1989 primary source transcript.
  
the wall fell down because violent actions failed to bring down the structure but government officials lost control over situations while many people demanded their rights.
  
impacts (frame: communities)
  
for this section, the selected frame is communities.
  
communities before the fall
  
berlin existed as a divided city because its physical boundaries separated different areas before 1989. families were separated, and communities were split by barbed wire, guard towers, and armed patrols. social interaction across the wall was nearly impossible. the stasi secret police watched over east germans who faced restrictions on their speech rights and ability to join groups according to taylor 2006.
  
east german communities operated under a socialist system which promoted collective identity but restricted all individual rights. political dissent was dangerous. the communities of west berlin operated according to democratic principles which provided residents with more civil rights and better job possibilities.
  
different people groups responded differently to this division. the economic growth after world war ii provided advantages to wealthier west germans while east german workers faced restricted access to consumer products and traveling opportunities. east german youth started to doubt whether their government had any rightful authority after they began to watch western television programs.
  
changes after the fall
  
the berlin wall created a complete transformation of all communities which it affected. the first family reunions took place within a few hours after the event. berliners from both sides celebrated together atop the wall. people started to socialize again after they had spent three decades apart from each other.
  
the process of reunification brought about new conflicts between different groups. east germans had to change their economic systems because companies started selling their assets or ceased operations. the transition toward market economy systems caused many people to lose their jobs. east germans who moved to a new unified germany felt that their backgrounds and life experiences had been ignored by the society (sarotte, 2014).

all german communities needed to create combined educational systems and legal frameworks with economic systems. the process of reunification allowed people to travel freely between countries while gaining political rights, yet it demanded major changes from their existing way of life.
  
the fall of the berlin wall created a process which turned two divided communities into one national community, yet the unification process developed through multiple complicated and irregular steps
  
legacies
  
the fall of the berlin wall continues to shape contemporary germany and europe.
  
political legacy
  
the event contributed to the end of the cold war and the expansion of the european union and nato into eastern europe. the present-day germany operates as a unified democratic nation which serves as a major economic force within europe. the peaceful nature of the revolution is often remembered as a triumph of civic activism and nonviolent protest (taylor, 2006).
  
social and cultural legacy
  
the wall's remnants today function as memorial sites. the berlin wall memorial and the east side gallery preserve sections of the wall as historical reminders. the date november 9 marks a significant milestone in german historical events.
  
the public memory of the berlin wall's fall represents a positive event which people view as a symbol of freedom and unity. the ongoing economic disparity between eastern and western german territories still creates debates which people continue to discuss. the research demonstrates that income differences and political views remain unchanged because of the historical divide which the study participants experienced (harrison, 2003).
  
contemporary relevance
  
people use the berlin wall's fall as a reference point when they discuss three topics: authoritarianism and border security and democratic systems. the event demonstrates how public protests combine with international political changes to create new political systems.
  
the contemporary world needs to understand the event because it shows that governments must maintain political transparency while they should avoid creating divisions between their citizens. german educational systems and public memorials and international political dialogues continue to carry its cultural heritage.
  
conclusion
  
the world experienced a major historical change when the berlin wall collapsed on november 9 1989. the event developed from cold war tensions between the two powers which resulted in soviet union reforms and the combination of a government error with a public demonstration movement, which ultimately led to the end of communist rule in eastern europe. the wall brought about significant social changes via its establishment which operated until 1989 and its subsequent dismantling which brought families together and created a new german national identity.
  
the public remembers the event today as a highly beneficial achievement which advanced both freedom and unity. the organizational structure of political systems and social systems and cultural traditions in germany and other countries still follow its historical impact.

bibliography
  
harrison, h. m. (2003). driving the soviets up the wall: soviet-east german relations, 1953–1961. princeton university press.
  
schabowski, g. (1989, november 9). press conference statement on travel regulations [transcript]. german democratic republic archives.
  
sarotte, m. e. (2014). the collapse: the accidental opening of the berlin wall. basic books.
  
taylor, f. (2006). the berlin wall: a world divided, 1961–1989. harpercollins.
  
u.s. national archives. (1989). television broadcast transcript of east german press conference.

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