Part 1
In a narrative format, discuss which of the groups mentioned (racial/ethnic minorities, women, homosexuals, etc.), receive the most and least unequal treatment by the police. Support your choices with reasons.
This essay will argue that of the various groups that receive unequal treatment by the police, such as racial and ethnic minorities, women and homosexuals, the groups that receive the most unequal treatment by the police are men of ethnic and racial minorities, and the ones receiving the least unequal treatment are women.
The evidence for why men of racial and ethnic minorities are mistreated most by the police is demonstrated by studies by Brunson (2007), Novich et al (2018), Moore et al (2018) and Hartfield et al (2018). Novich et al (2018) point to evidence in their study that police unfairly conducted law enforcement efforts to the advantage of women and disadvantage of males, based on collected information from over 250 thorough interviews of West Coast-based men and women who were self-identified gang members and drug dealers. (Novich et al, 2018) In their study, Novich et al (2018) observe that male officers often specifically targeted male gang members and went easy on female gang members, and were limited to searches of same-gender suspects. (Novich et al, 2018). In other words, a female gang member was less likely to be stopped, frisked and arrested than a male gang member, regardless of their level of criminality. Likewise, Brunson (2007) and Moore et al (2018) note that high rates of killings of unarmed African-American males point to a frequent violation of the legal rights of African-American men, much more so than other groups unfairly treated by the police, such as females and homosexuals. (Moore et al, 2018) This is supported by evidence from Hartfield et al (2018), who contend that racism is a critical cause of police-led murders of unarmed black men, which function through cultural and institutional means to propagate a system of persecution against black men, above all other affected victim groups such as other ethnic minorities, women and homosexuals. (Hartfield et al, 2018) Hartfield et al also note how public discourse, media and government statements have stereotyped and framed men of racial and ethnic minorities as a threat to public safety, which have led to their frequent persecution and unequal treatment by the police. (Hartfield et al, 2018)
Clearly, there are distinct racial and gender dynamics at work in the above studies which drive disparities in police treatment among different groups. There are several reasons for these phenomena. Foremost, straight men, rather than women or homosexuals, are often perceived as more of a physical and criminal threat by police officers, especially those of ethnic and racial minority status. These are unfounded and prejudicial notions whose consequences are demonstrated by the above data. Such prejudices then feed into perceptions and eventual unequal treatment by police officers. Secondly, the media has frequently portrayed men of racial and ethnic minorities as significant public safety threats, through campaigns such as Reagan’s war on drugs in the 1980s. This has encouraged police behaviors of unequal treatment.
XX XXXXXXXXXX, the XXXXX XX race-XXXXX, XXXXX-based and XXXXXX-XXXXX unequal XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX continues to be a XXXXX issue in criminal XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX, XXX more XXXXX XX be XXXX XX prevent the XXXX XXXXX XX persecution XX XXXX XXXXX.
XXXXXXXXXX
Brunson, X. K. (2007). “Police don't like XXXXX people”: XXXXXXX‐American XXXXX XXX's accumulated police XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX &XXX; public policy, X(X), XX-101.
XXXXXXXXX, X. A., Griffith, X. M., &XXX; XXXXX, M. X. (2018). Gendered racism is a key XX XXXXXXXXXX XXX addressing XXXXXX-involved shootings XX XXXXXXX Black XXX in XXXXXXX. XX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX, and XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX males (XX. 155-170). XXXXXXX Publishing Limited.
Moore, S. E., XXXXXXXX, X. X., XXXXXXX, X. M., XXXXXXXX, X. X., XXXXXX, X. X., Kyere, X., & Harmon, X. K. (2018). X XXXXXXXX Race XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX Shooting of Unarmed Black Males in the United XXXXXX: Implications for XXXXXX XXXX. Urban XXXXXX XXXX, X(1), 33-XX.
XXXXXX, X., XXXXXXX, X. X., &XXX; XXXX, X. (XXXX). “They XXX’t Search XXX”: XXX Gender Imbalances in XXX Police XXXXX Contribute XX Perceptions of Procedural Unfairness. XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, 13(X), XXX-XXX.
2.Analyze the statement XXXX XXX United States began XX a XXXXXXX XXXX was XXXXXXXXXXXXX democratic XXX also XXXXXX in oppression.
XXX United XXXXXX XXXXX continues XX XX a beacon XX democracy XXX freedom, and an XXXXXXXXXXX to many XXXXXXXXX, but began as a republican XXXXXX in XXX oppression of slavery. This essay XXXXXX with the thesis XXXXXXXXX to a XXXXXX extent, and acknowledges that XXX X.S. began XX a XXXXXXX XXXX was democratic for XXXXXX XXXXXX XX people, and XXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX for most other groups.
XXX XXXXXXXXX basis for XXXXXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX in the question is that XXX U.S. XXX founded on the XXXXX of a XXXXXXXXX where voting XXXXXX and XXXXXXXX XXX only XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX, landed, property-owning men. This thus XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX, XXX-landed gentry, XXXXX XXX XXXXXX from XXX XXXX, which XXXXXXXX form XXX majority XX XXX American XXXXXXXXXX at the time XX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. XX a XXXXXX, it could XX XXXXXX XXXX the U.S. was XXXXXXX, constitutionally, on the XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX and republican XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX that XXXX democratic privileges were XXXX XXXXXXXX for a XXXXX XXXXX, undermining XXX XXXXXXXXXXX of genuine XXXXXXXXX. XX XXXX successive revolutions XXX XXXXX movements, such as XXX American XXXXX War, the XXXXXXX-XXXXXXXX Civil Rights XXXXXXXX of the 20th century, and the XXXXX’s XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX suffrage rights XX all XXXXXXX of XXXXXXX, XXX even XXXXX, certain segments XXXX XX ethnic minorities XXX new XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX be XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and rendered XXXXXX XX XXXX in XXXXXXX XXXXXX. Clearly, while XXX United XXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXX-minded XXXXXX opposing XXX XXXXXXX monarchy, XXXX XX the XXXXX XX vote for XXXXX XXXXXX, the early XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX to implement these ideals in practice as the founders XXX prevailing social interests XX XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX a system XX XXXXXXXXXX against women, XXXXXX and XXX-landed XXXXXXX.
XXXX XX backed by a study XX XXXXXX et XX (XXXX) notes how slavery XXXXXXXX undermined the competitiveness XX American democracies XX measured XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX from XXX American XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX the XXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX US did indeed XXXX XXX intention XX be XXXXXXXXXXXXX democratic XXXX XXX XXXXXXXX, XXXX to XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX dampened by deep roots of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX. (Thames XX XX, XXXX) Likewise, academic treatises XX Kohn (2002) point to how XXXXXXXXXXXX commentators XX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX republic, such as XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXX, note how XXX ‘other America’, in the XXXX XX disenfranchised XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX undermined the principles of American XXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXX XXXX the ‘peculiar institution’ of XXXXXXX was an active XXXXXX to XXXXXXXXX. (XXXX, XXXX) Tocqueville, in particular, was concern XXXX a XXXX of democratic equality through XXX form XX XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XX despotism and racial conflict, XXXXX would XXXXXXXX democracy. (XXXX XXXX) Finally, XXXX (2019) notes how XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXX, XXXXXX XXX voting XXXXX helped to preserve a ‘white XXX’s republic’ XXXXX XXX nominally democratic XXX founded on oppression in XXXXXXX.
XX XXXXXXXXXX, the United XXXXXX began XX a country XXXX was democratic in principle, but rooted in XXXXXXXXXX in the form of a XXXX of XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX XXX prevalence of XXX XXXXXX system of slavery of African XXXXXXXXX.
References
XXXX, M. (2002). The other XXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXX XX race and slavery. XXXXXX, 35(X), 169-193.
Lynn, J. A. (2019). XXXXXXXXXX XXX White Man's XXXXXXXX: Jacksonian Democracy, XXXX, XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of American XXXXXXXXXXXX. University XX Virginia Press.
XXXXXX, F. C., XXXXX, S. X., &XXX; XXXXXXXX, R. (2018). The South, XXXXXXX, and Competition in XXXXX US XXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXX Science XXXXXXX, XX(X), XXX-729.
3. Randall XXXXXXX, the author of Race, XXXXX XXX the Law, XXXXXX (p.XX) that it XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX "whether, or for XXXX, a XXXXX disparity XX XXXXXXX." Regarding XXX prosecution XX pregnant women who abuse XXXXX, he states XXXX "XXXX XXXXXXX attack XX racist XXXXXXXXXXX XX pregnant XXXX addicts on the ground XXXX such XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX burden blacks." But, he XXXX, "XX XXXXXXX, XXX black XXXXXXXXXXX hurt by XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXX XXXXX for XXXXX XXXXXXX drugs harmful to their XXXXXX XXXXXX or XXXXXX by intervention which XXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX will XXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX risk?" How would you answer this XXXXXXXX?
XXXX XXXXX will XXXXX XXXX the prosecution XX XXXXXXXX women who XXXXX drugs is XXXXXXXXXXX as it both XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX hurts blacks XXX does not effectively XXXXX XXX underlying XXXXXXXXXX issues XXXX cause pregnant women XX engage in XXXXXXXXX that will put black unborn children XX XXXX, and thus will XXX act XX an effective deterrent.
Foremost, XXXXXXXXXXX pregnant XXXX addicts both XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX blacks and fails to XXXXX XX an effective deterrent for XXXX XXXX-risk XXXXXXXX. Mohapatra (XXXX) notes in a XXXXX XXXX prosecutions XX XXXXXXXX drug XXXXXXX XXX ineffective, as XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX of parental custody, and do not XXXX rehabilitative or XXXXXXXXX functions XXXX XXXXX XXXX adequately XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXX drug addicts XXX the dangers XXXX pose to their XXXXXX XXXXXXXX from a public XXXXXX perspective. XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX would instead stigmatise XXXX individuals, leaving XXXX and XXXXX XXXXXXXX at XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX increase the XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX avoid legal XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX drug addictions. (XXXXXXXXX, XXXX) XX sent XX jail or given XXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX would continue to XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX them at a XXXXX position to XXXX XXX their XXXXXXXX. Furthermore, XXXXXXXXXXX does not XXXXXXX XXX lack XX education, family XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX advancement that XXXXX XXX to become a pregnant XXXX addict, which XXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX underlying root XXXXXX XX address in trying XX XXXXX XXX issue XX pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXX XXXX they XXXX XX black XXXXXX children. XXX XXXXXXXXXXX of pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX also increases the XXXXXXXXXX XXXX they XXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX would XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX XXX babies XX be XXXX without doctors XXXXXXX about their parents’ drug addictions. As a XXXXXX, these XXXXXX would XX severely XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX appropriate XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXX XX administered to XXXX, XXXXX their XXXXXXXX XXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXX as XXXXX conditions. Conversely, it XXXXX XX wiser to provide amnesty XXX XXXXXXXX drug addicts XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX their eventual XXXXXXXX XX seek treatment for XXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX XXX both the XXXXXX and the XXXXX. XXXXXXX, controlling XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX lives of XXXXX XXXXX through prosecution of XXXXXXXX drug addicts XXX XX XXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX of human XXXXXX. (XXXXXXXXX, XXXX)
XXXXXX health-based XXXXXXXXXXXXXX programmes should XX used XXXXXXX XX prosecution XX XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts. Mohapatra (2011) notes that XXX XXX XX a holistic public XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX improve XXXX XXXXX and XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. (XXXXXXXXX, XXXX) XXXX is XXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXX by XXXXX-Manista (XXXX), who XXXXXXXX that rehabilitation XXXXX be more XXXXXXXXX XXXX criminal prosecution in protecting XXXXXXXX black women XXX their children.
In conclusion, prosecution XX XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts is an XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX to reduce XXXXX to XXXXXX black children, XXXXX also XXXXXXX a XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX high burden XX the XXXXX XXXXXXXXX. Other measures, XXXX as rehabilitation and XXXXXXXX programmes, XXXXX be XXXX XXXXXXX for XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. The XXXX of pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXX XXXXXXXXX harms XX their XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX, XXXXXXX, demonstrate Kennedy’s principle XXXX it XX XXXXXXXXX difficult to XXXXXXXXX "XXXXXXX, or for XXXX, a given disparity is XXXXXXX.”, and that the holistic XXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX be XXXXX XXXX account in XXXXXXXX on the XXXX XXXXXX option to address an issue XX serious as XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts. (XXXXXXX, XXXX)
References
Kennedy, X. (XXXX). XXXX, crime, and the law. XXXXXXX.
Mohapatra, S. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXXXX addiction: X public XXXXXX approach XX XXXX use XXXXXX pregnancy. Wis. XX Gender, &XXX; Soc'y, 26, 241.
Stone-XXXXXXX, X. (2009). XXXXXXXXXX pregnant women: A XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX child abuse prosecutions of XXXXXXXX drug XXXXXXX. XXX Journal XX Criminal XXX and XXXXXXXXXXX, 823-856.
XXXX 2
X. XXXXXXXX XX XXXX:
XXXX makes a number XX XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX about the XXXXXXXXXX XX greater gender XXXXXXXX XXX female representation in XXX XXXXXXXX justice system. XX the XXXXXXXX justice XXXXXX is a XXXXXX that affects both males and XXXXXXX, having insufficient XXXXXXXXXXXXXX by XXXXXX XXXXXXXX justice professionals, in the XXXXX such as XXXXX XXXXXXXX, judges, jailers XXX female XXXXXXXX, is XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. Popular XXXXXXX XXXX as ‘Orange is the New XXXXX’, XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX in the New York XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX, XXXX pointed to XXX problem XX having a XXXX-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX service, which XXXXXXX abuse XX XXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, higher XXXXX of XXXXXX assault XXX XXXXXXXXXX, and a less XXXXXX criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXX. Clearly, XX XXXX XXX pointed out, XX need more XXXXXXX as professionals in XXX criminal justice system, XXX the notion XXXX ‘this profession XX XXXX for a XXXX’ , XXXX an emphasis XX ‘masculinity XXX toughness’ has to be XXXXXXXXXXXX XX a XXXX progressive XXX XXXXXX-neutral XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX is XXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXX-XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, as in XXX case XX sectors with XXXXX gender disparities, XXXX as the military, there will XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX dynamics without a XXXXXXXXXXX cultural XXXXX. XX other XXXXX, XXXX XX XXXXX XXX more XXXXXX criminal justice professionals, XXX problems XX discrimination, dominance and XXXXX XX power XX male criminal XXXXXXX professionals will XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX is a shift in XXXXXXX XXXXXX one XXXX respects and XXXXXXXX XXXX genders XX criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX. This is the only XXX in XXXXX McNamara and Burns (2009) XXXX have XXXXX XXXXXX of ‘females XXXXXXX XX XX accepted XXXXX XXX XXXXX’ XXXXXXXX - through a XXXXXXXXXXX change in the ‘XXXXXX XXXXXXX which emphasizes masculinity and toughness’, to one XXXXX, like Scandinavian police XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, kindness XXX humanity.
X. Response XX Queta
Pre-determined XXXXXX identity, roles XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX how males XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX behave, XXXXX and XXXXXXXX are XXXXXX problematic, XXX can XX encoded XXXX laws and discriminatory practices XXXX tragic XXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX and Burns (XXXX) indeed XXXXX, as Queta has noted, XX an important XXXXX when they discuss the XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX identity XXX roles, XXX XXX XXXX XX XXX XXXXXX XXXX victim who committed XXXXXXX during XXX trial of her XXXX XXXXXXX rapist XX indeed an unfortunate XXXXXXXXXXX XXX a XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX. XXX nature of several societies today XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX to XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX, and more needs to XX done to accord XXXXX with the fundamental XXXXXX, XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX equal to men. Beyond XXX observations of XXX important role of XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, identity and roles, XXXXXXX, XXXXX needs XX be XXXX XXXXXXXXXX about XXX practical XXXXXXXXXX in which gender identity, roles and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX can be XXXXXXX. Queta XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX how XXXXX reform, greater female representation in XXXXXXXX justice systems, greater civic XXXXXXXXX to campaign XXX women’s XXXXXX, XXX educational reform may play an important role in transforming how societies XXX individuals think XXXXX the roles XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX men XXX XXXXX. This XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX multiple stakeholders, XXX change XX XXXXXXXX, XX XXXX it such XXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX are just.
X. XXXXXXXX to XXXX
XXXX’s XXXXXX about XXX XXXXXXXXX of XXX in XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX and legal XXXXXXX, XXX continued prevalence of sexism, XXX the XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX nature XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXX observations XXXXX XXX nature of XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX system today. XX Helfgott et XX (2018) and Kennedy (2019) observe, gender XXXXXXXXXXXX and male dominance in several XXXXXX XX still XXXXXXXXX, which XXXXXXX women from achieving XXX XXXXX rights and career aspirations they XXXXXXX. However, Shan’s points about XXX XXXXXXXX against XXXXX’s XXXXXX, in terms XX XXXXXX disorders and scams, XXX less XXXXX. Is this a consequence of XXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXX women’s rights, or a consequence of XXX XXXX of women’s rights in certain areas? XX XX XXXXX XXXX XXXX addresses several XXXXXXXX issues about gender inequality, XXXXXXXXXX in XXX criminal justice XXXXXX, that should be XXXXXXXXX, XXX it XX also XXXXXXXXX for XX XX be clear minded XXXXX XXX specific XXXXXX at hand XXXX XXXX to be addressed.
4. Response XX XXXXXX
Melvin XXXXXXXX a XXXX-XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX to XXX XXXXXXXXXX faced XX female criminal justice professionals, XXXX particular XXXXXXXXX paid XX XXX XXXXX XX harassment, XXXXXX yardsticks, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, workplace hostility and XXXXXXXXXXXXX trauma that female officers face in XXX course of XXXXX work, from academic literature XXXX XX Varner, XXXX, Rabe-XXXX, 2007, XXXXXXX, 2018 XXX Feinman, 1994. XXXXXXX, women in XXX police force XXXX an uphill XXXXXX in dealing with XXXXXXXXXX and XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX, and face more serious physical and mental XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX than XXXXX XXXX counterparts, in a XXXXXXXXXX XXXX is XXXXXXX XXXX-XXXXX for the XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX it places on XXX officers. XX order to XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX to better XXXXXXX XXXXX issues, it XXXXX be interesting to have data on who are XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXX such XXXXXXXXXX, unfair treatment, neglect and stereotypes XXXXX XX XXXXXX police XXXXXXXX. XXXX is because XXX XXXXXX mechanisms XXXXX XXXXXX XX used XX XXXXXXX XXXXX issues vary greatly, XXXXXXXXX XX whether XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX are XXX XXXXXXXX of such persecution XXXXXXX XXXXXX police officers. Clearly, to XXXX a more equitable XXX XXXX police XXXXX composed of a XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX number of XXXXXX police XXXXXXXX, these issues XXXX XX XX effectively XXXXXXXXX.