XXXX essay XXXX argue XXXX the XXXXXXXXXXX XX pregnant XXXXX XXX XXXXX drugs is problematic XX it both disproportionately XXXXX blacks XXX XXXX not XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX the XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX issues XXXX cause XXXXXXXX women to XXXXXX in behaviors XXXX will put XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX risk, XXX XXXX will not act XX an effective XXXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXX, prosecuting XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX burdens XXXXXX and fails XX serve as an XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX such high-risk XXXXXXXX. Mohapatra (2011) notes in a XXXXX that XXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX drug XXXXXXX XXX ineffective, as XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX of parental custody, and do not have XXXXXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX would XXXX adequately address XXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX drug XXXXXXX XXX XXX dangers XXXX pose XX XXXXX XXXXXX children from a XXXXXX health XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXX to XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts XXXXX instead XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX them and their XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX disadvantage, and XXXXXXXX the likelihood of XXXX pursuing illegal XXXXXXXXX to avoid XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX their drug addictions. (Mohapatra, 2011) XX sent XX XXXX or given onerous fines for their addictions, such drug XXXXXXX would continue to XXXX XX financially XXXXXXXXXXXXX, putting them XX a worse position to XXXX XXX their children. Furthermore, XXXXXXXXXXX does not address the XXXX XX education, XXXXXX XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX that leads XXX to become a pregnant drug addict, XXXXX are the more important underlying XXXX causes to XXXXXXX in XXXXXX to XXXXX XXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX drug addicts XXX the XXXX XXXX pose to black XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. The prosecution XX pregnant XXXX addicts also XXXXXXXXX XXX likelihood XXXX XXXX XXXXX hide XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX, which would increase XXX prospects for XXXXXX XX be born without XXXXXXX XXXXXXX about XXXXX XXXXXXX’ XXXX XXXXXXXXXX. As a result, XXXXX babies would XX severely XXXXXXXXXXXXX as XXX appropriate medical and treatment care options XXXX XXX be XXXXXXXXXXXX to XXXX, while their symptoms XXX be misdiagnosed XX other XXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXX, it would be wiser XX XXXXXXX amnesty XXX pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX them XXX their XXXXXXXX children to seek XXXXXXXXX XXX their condition, thus XXXXXXXX for more effective minimisation XX XXXXX XXX both the mother and the XXXXX. Finally, XXXXXXXXXXX the reproductive XXXXX XX black women XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX may XX XXXXXXXXX XX a fundamental violation of human XXXXXX. (Mohapatra, 2011)
XXXXXX XXXXXX-based XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXX of prosecution of XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts. Mohapatra (XXXX) XXXXX XXXX the XXX XX a holistic public XXXXXX XXXXX could improve both XXXXX XXX child health XXXXXXXX. (XXXXXXXXX, 2011) This XX XXXXXXXXX by a study by XXXXX-XXXXXXX (XXXX), who XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX would be more XXXXXXXXX XXXX criminal prosecution in protecting pregnant black XXXXX XXX XXXXX children.
XX conclusion, prosecution of XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XX an ineffective XXXXXX XXXXXXX XX reduce XXXXX to unborn XXXXX children, while XXXX placing a XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX high XXXXXX on XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XXXXX measures, XXXX as XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX efficacy. XXX XXXX of pregnant XXXX addicts and the XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XX XXXXX unborn XXXXXXXX does, XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX’s principle that it XX sometimes difficult to determine "XXXXXXX, or XXX whom, a given disparity XX harmful.”, and that the holistic needs XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX must be XXXXX into account in XXXXXXXX on XXX best XXXXXX option to address an issue XX XXXXXXX XX pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX. (XXXXXXX, XXXX)
References
XXXXXXX, X. (XXXX). XXXX, XXXXX, and XXX law. XXXXXXX.
Mohapatra, S. (XXXX). Unshackling XXXXXXXXX: X XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX to drug XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. Wis. XX Gender, & Soc'y, 26, XXX.
Stone-Manista, K. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXXX pregnant XXXXX: A XXXXX to successfully XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX abuse XXXXXXXXXXXX of pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX. XXX Journal XX Criminal Law and Criminology, 823-856.
Part 2
1. XXXXXXXX to Rena:
Rena XXXXX a XXXXXX of well-XXXXXXXXXXX points XXXXX the importance of greater gender equality and XXXXXX representation in the criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXX. XX the XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX system is a XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX and females, having XXXXXXXXXXXX representation XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, in the XXXXX XXXX as XXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXX, XXXXXXX and XXXXXX officers, XX deeply problematic. XXXXXXX serials such XX ‘Orange is the New Black’, XXX opinion XXXXXXXXXX in the XXX XXXX XXXXX XXX Washington XXXX, XXXX pointed XX XXX problem XX having a male-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX justice professional XXXXXXX, which include XXXXX XX XXXXX, perverse gender XXXXXXXX, XXXXXX rates XX sexual XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX, and a less humane criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXX. XXXXXXX, XX Rena has pointed out, we XXXX XXXX females XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXX criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXX, and XXX XXXXXX that ‘XXXX profession is XXXX XXX a male’ , XXXX an XXXXXXXX on ‘XXXXXXXXXXX XXX toughness’ has to XX transitioned to a XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX-neutral XXXXXXXXXX, which is XXXX sexist and male-dominated. XXXXXXX, XX in XXX case of sectors with clear gender XXXXXXXXXXX, such XX the military, there XXXX still remain concerns XX XXXXXXXXXXX power dynamics XXXXXXX a fundamental XXXXXXXX XXXXX. XX other XXXXX, even XX XXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXX criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, the problems XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, dominance and abuse of power XX male XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX professionals will XXXXXX XXXXXX there XX a shift in culture XXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXX genders XX criminal justice XXXXXXXXXXXXX. This is the XXXX XXX in which XXXXXXXX and Burns (XXXX) XXXX have XXXXX XXXXXX of ‘XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX be accepted XXXXX the ranks’ realised - through a fundamental XXXXXX in the ‘police culture XXXXX emphasizes masculinity XXX XXXXXXXXX’, to one XXXXX, like Scandinavian XXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, kindness and humanity.
X. XXXXXXXX to XXXXX
XXX-XXXXXXXXXX gender identity, XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX how XXXXX and females should XXXXXX, XXXXX and identify XXX indeed XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX can XX encoded XXXX laws and discriminatory practices with tragic consequences. XXXXXXXX and XXXXX (2003) indeed point, XX Queta has noted, to an important XXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXX importance XX gender XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX, XXX XXX XXXX of XXX XXXXXX rape XXXXXX who XXXXXXXXX suicide XXXXXX the XXXXX XX her male teacher XXXXXX XX indeed an XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and a XXXXXXXXXXX of injustice. XXX XXXXXX of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX is indeed structured to XXXXX male XXXXXXXXX, and XXXX XXXXX to XX done to XXXXXX XXXXX with the XXXXXXXXXXX rights, XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX equal XX XXX. Beyond the observations of the important role of XXXXXX concepts, identity and XXXXX, XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXX to be XXXX discussion XXXXX the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX in which gender identity, roles XXX XXXXXXXX connotations XXX XX XXXXXXX. XXXXX could XXXX discussed how XXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX female representation in XXXXXXXX justice systems, greater civic movements to campaign for XXXXX’s XXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXXXX reform XXX play an XXXXXXXXX XXXX in XXXXXXXXXXXX how societies and XXXXXXXXXXX think XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX XXX XXXXX. XXXX XXXX require XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX multiple XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX change is XXXXXXXX, XX make it XXXX that XXX laws XXXXXXXXXX XXX just.
3. Response XX XXXX
XXXX’s points about the dominance XX XXX in XXXXXXXX justice XXX XXXXX systems, the XXXXXXXXX prevalence of sexism, XXX the subtle and nuanced nature XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, are important observations about the XXXXXX XX XXX criminal XXXXXXX system XXXXX. XX XXXXXXXX et XX (XXXX) XXX XXXXXXX (XXXX) XXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXX XXXXXX XX still prevalent, which XXXXXXX XXXXX from achieving the legal XXXXXX and XXXXXX aspirations they XXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXX’s points about XXX reaction XXXXXXX women’s rights, in XXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXX, are XXXX clear. Is this a consequence of XXX push for greater women’s rights, or a consequence of XXX lack of women’s rights in XXXXXXX areas? It is clear that XXXX XXXXXXXXX several XXXXXXXX issues about gender XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXX XX addressed, XXX it XX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XX to be clear XXXXXX about XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX at hand XXXX need XX XX XXXXXXXXX.
X. Response to XXXXXX
XXXXXX presents a XXXX-XXXXXXXXXX and thoughtful response to the challenges XXXXX by XXXXXX criminal justice XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXXXX attention paid XX XXX cases of harassment, unfair XXXXXXXXXX, misconceptions, XXXXXXX, workplace hostility XXX psychological trauma XXXX female officers XXXX in XXX course of XXXXX XXXX, from XXXXXXXX literature XXXX as XXXXXX, XXXX, XXXX-XXXX, XXXX, XXXXXXX, 2018 and XXXXXXX, XXXX. XXXXXXX, women in the XXXXXX force face an uphill battle in XXXXXXX with colleagues and the larger XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX, XXX face more XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX mental health consequences XXXX their XXXX counterparts, in a profession XXXX is already well-XXXXX for the XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX it places on XXX officers. XX order XX devise mechanisms to better address XXXXX XXXXXX, it would be interesting to have XXXX XX who are the XXXX culprits XXX XXXXXXX XXX such XXXXXXXXXX, unfair XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXX officers. XXXX XX because XXX policy mechanisms XXXXX XXXXXX be used XX address these XXXXXX XXXX greatly, XXXXXXXXX on whether supervisors, XXXXX, subordinates or community XXXXXXX XXX the XXXXXXXX of XXXX persecution against female police XXXXXXXX. Clearly, to XXXX a XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX just XXXXXX force composed of a significantly XXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXX police officers, these XXXXXX XXXX XX be XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX.