Difference between neutron stars and black holes

Question

Can someone explain the difference between neutron stars and black holes in terms of their formation, physical properties, and effects on surrounding space? Please include at least two example of each observed in our galaxy.

Answer

neutron stars and black holes were once massive stars that died off. what sets them apart is their uqnie structure and the gravity that they generate. 
neutron stars form when the original star collapses at the core during a supernova event. this star would have been massive and would have appeared 8 to 10 times larger than our sun. the resulting collapse will form a new mass, similar in size to our sun, composed of neutrons bound together by neutron pressure, which prevents further compression. 
once formed, the neutron star behaves rather neutrally. the neutron star’s gravity only affects the area in which it sits, and scientists have not observed any changes in space and time compared to those of a black hole. the gravity of a black hole is even more potent than that of a neutron star. 
one such neutron star located in the milky way galaxy is called the crab pulsar. as its name implies, the crab pulsar is located in the crab nebula. scientists believe that this is a relatively new pulsar, having been created around 1054 ad as observed and documented by chinese and japanese astronomers of the time. it is characterized as a fast-spinning star with frequent and intense bursts of radiation. 
psr j0952-0607 is another pulsar located in the milky way. this neutron star is known as a "black widow." scientists have observed that this pulsar is consuming a companion star. this phenomenon often occurs in binary systems, where the neutron star is larger and more massive than the companion star. over time, the intensity of the neutrons, particle winds, and radiation will cause the smaller star to essentially dissolve, feeding its material back to the neutron star. scientists hope that studying this type of neutron star and the crab pulsar will provide them with insights into how neutron stars and black holes differ in their formation.
black holes are areas in space where gravity is so intense that nothing, not even light, can escape. for a black hole to form, the core of a supermassive star must collapse. this star will be much bigger than that of a neutron star, potentially 50-100 times larger. according to research, the center of a black hole is believed to contain a highly concentrated amount of mass, and the physical laws we are familiar with no longer apply. in simpler terms, scientists believe that the center of the black hole is where gravity is so strong that what little we understand about space and time flies out the window.
scientists can only see black holes by observing areas around where they assume one to be located. they are looking for gravitational anomalies that are affecting the surrounding matter and light as if they are hoping to see matter and/or light being pulled towards an invisible area, much like something is sucking the light through a straw. popular movies depict black holes as capturing space vessels and tearing them to shreds as they slowly fall into their center. our imagination is limitless when it comes to black holes and what they may be capable of, but as of yet, no one has ever been able to observe a black hole.
examples of black holes in the milky way are understandably hard to spot; however, scientists believe they have been observing a black hole at the center of the milky way, named sagittarius a. using the event horizon telescope, researchers have obtained an image of this black hole. the size of this singularity is roughly 4 million times the size of our sun; yet, despite its immense size, it appears to be leaving the surrounding matter and light largely unharmed. 
not to strike terror in the heart of man, but there is a possible black hole located not far from our neighborhood, or about 1,500 light-years away. gaia bhi was spotted when scientists were observing a companion star, and its light appeared to be shifting in unexpected ways. this led scientists to assume that there was a black hole in the nearby area. research is showing that several black holes are forming in binary systems, when one massive star collapses in a system that has two or more stars.

Answer

the difference between neutron stars and black holes : both black holes and neutron stars are created when massive stars collapse, although they differ greatly in their physical characteristics, formation, and impact on space: formation : · a core small enough to compress into an incredibly dense mass composed primarily of neutrons is left behind after a giant star runs out of fuel and explodes as a supernova. neutron stars are formed in this manner.[1] · black holes form when gravity compresses a massive star past the neutron star stage when its collapsing core is even larger. this results in a singularity with an event horizon from which no matter or light can escape. [1] physical properties : · with a radius of only a few kilometers (10 km), neutron stars are very dense, with stuff packed to nuclear densities of about 1017 kg/m3 . in addition to having a solid surface and powerful magnetic fields (trillions of times earth's), they frequently spin quickly and release pulsar-like radiation.[1] · black holes are characterized by their event horizon, or barrier; they have no surface. a singularity of practically infinite density results from their densities. even light cannot escape from black holes because of their extreme gravity, which distorts spacetime.[1] effect on surrounding space : · through their strong magnetic fields, radiation (such as x-rays and pulsar beams), and gravitational attraction, which can accrete or influence matter from companion stars, neutron stars have an impact on adjacent space.[1] · black holes are mostly identified by their impact on neighboring matter, as accreting gas spirals in, it creates hotspots that produce x-rays and gamma rays, gravitational lensing from the intense gravity also alters the orbits of nearby stars and the light path.[1] reference : [1] nasa and astrophysics sources summarized in number analytics article "neutron stars and black holes" (https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/neutron-stars-black-holes)

Answer

Answer

1. formation   neutron stars   following a supernova explosion, form from the collapsed core of a giant star (usually 8–25 times the mass of the sun).     the star's outer layers are thrown out, and the core sinks under its weight until protons and electrons join to become neutrons.     black holes   form when even more huge stars (usually over 25 solar masses) die in a supernova, and the gravity of the core is so strong that it shrinks to a point, a singularity.     no presently known power can stop this collapse, which produces a black hole.     physical characteristics: 2.   feature black hole, neutron star   size (diameter) ~20 km (roughly equivalent to the area of a small city) essentially nil (singularity), yet the event horizon can be tens of kilometers or more.   mass range is roughly 1.4 to 2.1 solar masses. from roughly 3 solar masses to millions/billions (for supermassive ones)   density exceptionally high (~10¹⁷ kg/m³), atomic nuclei density; endless (at the singularity), all mass is forced into a point   less than the speed of light is escape velocity. faster than the speed of light (nothing can escape)   magnetic fieldss black holes do not have a magnetic field unless accreting stuff; generally very strong (especially in magnetars)   surface has a firm surface of neutron-rich stuff. no surface, just an event horizon   spun can turn hundreds of times every second can almost match the speed of light in rotation     3. consequences for the neighboring environment   neutron stars   send x-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves, especially pulsars.     possess strong gravitational fields, yet not enough to catch light.     their strong magnetic fields can drive magnetars and x-ray pulsars.     can have binary systems involving companion stars with mass transfer.     black holes   cause tremendous gravitational time dilation.     may produce relativistic jets (strong beams of particles) and build accretion discs.     change spacetime so radically that near the event horizon time slows.     their existence is deduced from the accretion disk's x-rays or their gravitational influences.     4. examples in our galaxy   milky way's neutron stars   psr b1919 + 21     the first pulsar ever found (1967) is a rotating neutron star that emits radio waves.     sends out clear radio pulses and aided in proving neutron star existence.     sgr 1806–20     a magnetar with an unusually high magnetic field (about 10¹⁵ gauss).     released the most potent gamma-ray burst ever observed from a magnetar (in 2004).     milky way black holes   cygnus x-1     among the initial prominent black hole candidates.     x-rays emanate in a binary system including a blue supergiant star from the accretion disk.     around 15 solar masses estimated mass.     sagittarius a* (sgr a*)     the milky way's central supermassive black hole.     mass: around four million solar masses.     the event horizon telescope recently captured (2022) images.     table of contents   black hole property  neutron star   core residual after medium-mass star supernova and massive star supernova   size: about 20 km; no physical size; event horizon defines boundary.   escape velocity < speed of light > speed of lightradiation pulses of x-ray, radio, gamma x-rays from accretion disk, relativistic jetsdetection pulsars, magnetars, x-ray binaries x-ray emissions, gravitational lensing, star orbits.

Answer

here’s a clear breakdown of neutron stars vs. black holes — how they form, their physical traits, how they affect nearby space, and some real examples from our own milky way. 1. formation featureneutron starblack holeoriginformed when a massive star (≈ 8–20 × sun’s mass) ends its life in a supernova, and the core collapses under gravity until protons and electrons merge into neutrons.formed when an even more massive star (> 20–25 × sun’s mass) undergoes core collapse in a supernova, and gravity crushes the core past the neutron-degeneracy limit into a singularity.mass range (after collapse)about 1.1–2.3 m☉ (solar masses)above ~3 m☉ (no upper limit for stellar black holes, though most in milky way are < 20 m☉)why one vs. the otherif the collapsed core mass is below the tolman–oppenheimer–volkoff limit (~2.3 m☉), it becomes a neutron star; above it, degeneracy pressure fails, and it becomes a black hole. 2. physical properties propertyneutron starblack holesizeradius ≈ 10–12 km (city-sized)event horizon radius (schwarzschild radius) ≈ 3 km × (mass in m☉)density~4×10¹⁷ kg/m³ (atomic nuclei density)density concept breaks down — the singularity has “infinite” density in classical gr, but event horizon properties are defined by mass, charge, spin.surfacehas a solid crust over superfluid interior; can emit radiationno physical surface — only an event horizon beyond which nothing escapesgravityextremely strong — escape velocity ~0.4 cstronger — escape velocity at event horizon = crotationcan spin up to hundreds of times per second (millisecond pulsars)can spin close to the speed of light (kerr black holes)magnetic fieldscan reach 10⁸–10¹¹ tesla (magnetars)no intrinsic magnetic field from matter inside; observed fields come from surrounding plasma 3. effects on surrounding space effectneutron starblack holeradiationcan emit x-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves (pulsars, magnetars)emits nothing from inside event horizon; energy comes from accretion disk or relativistic jetsaccretioncan pull matter from a companion, creating x-ray binariessimilar, but more extreme — accretion disks can reach higher temperatures and produce more energetic jetsgravitational wavesneutron star–neutron star or neutron star–black hole mergers produce detectable gravitational wavesblack hole mergers also produce strong gravitational wavesspace-time curvaturevery strong but finite; stable orbits can exist very close to the surfacemore extreme warping — inside event horizon, all paths lead inward 4. examples in the milky way neutron stars

psr b1919+21 – first pulsar discovered (1967), spins once every 1.337 seconds. magnetar sgr 1806–20 – extremely strong magnetic field; once emitted the brightest gamma-ray burst observed from earth in 2004. black holes

cygnus x-1 – first strong black hole candidate discovered; ~21 m☉, in a binary system with a blue supergiant. sagittarius a* – supermassive black hole (~4 million m☉) at the center of the milky way. quick summary neutron stars = collapsed stellar cores supported by neutron degeneracy pressure, extremely dense, small, and often observable as pulsars or magnetars. black holes = collapsed objects beyond neutron star mass limit, with an event horizon, extreme gravity, and no surface. both form from massive stars via supernovae, but the deciding factor is the final core mass.

Answer

neutron stars vs. black holes

Answer

neutron stars and black holes both form when very massive stars explode in a supernova, but the result depends on the star’s size. if the star was about 8–20 times the mass of our sun, its core collapses into a neutron star. this object is extremely small, only about 20 kilometers wide, but heavier than the sun. it has very strong gravity, but light can still escape. neutron stars often spin quickly and can send out beams of radiation, which we see as pulsars. examples in our galaxy include the crab pulsar and psr b1919+21.
if the original star was much larger, over about 20–25 times the sun’s mass, its core collapses even further and forms a black hole. black holes have gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape once it passes the boundary called the event horizon. because of this, we cannot see black holes directly&mdash;we only notice their effects, like hot gas falling into them or stars orbiting around them. famous examples in our galaxy are cygnus x-1, one of the first discovered black holes, and sagittarius a*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the milky way.

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Difference between neutron stars and black holes

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