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798CopyofKaryotyping_taskpaper.docx
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Biology genetic tasks
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//ABISOURCE//DTD XHTML plus AWML 2.2//EN" "http://www.abisource.com/2004/xhtml-awml/xhtml-awml.mod"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:awml="http://www.abisource.com/2004/xhtml-awml/"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> Abiword HTML Document </title> </head> <body> <div> <p> <a href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/HUMAN_BIO/ACTIVITIES/KARYOTYPING/karyotyping.html"><span style="font-size:15pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';text-decoration:underline;color:#0563c1">http://www.biology.arizona.edu/HUMAN_BIO/ACTIVITIES/KARYOTYPING/karyotyping.html</span></a> </p> <p> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:15pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Analysis</span><span style="font-size:15pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:15pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">1. Examining Data</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Examine your karyotype.</span> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;border:0.50pt solid #000000;border-collapse:collapse;empty-cells:show;table-layout:fixed"> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Patient</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Sex</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background:#fdf5e6">Number of chromosomes</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background:#fdf5e6">Chromosomal Abnormality</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background:#fdf5e6">Diagnosis</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">A</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">female</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">49</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Trisomy 21, extra chromosome 21</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Down’s Syndrome</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">B</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">male</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">49</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">one extra sex chromosomes (XXY)</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Klinefelter's Syndrome</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">C</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">male</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">49</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">extra chromosome 13</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid #000000"> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Trisomy 13 Syndrome</span> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:15pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">2.</span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Explaining Events</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">The Y chromosome closely resembles many of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">other chromosomes. What did you have to do to determine that it was the</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Y chromosome?</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">We can measure the length of chromosome (it is shorter than X chromosome) and position of the centromere. It is possible to determine that this chromosome has no pair, so we understand that it is different from others by length.</span> </p> <p> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">3. Recognizing Patterns</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">If the karyotype you constructed was for a female</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">with Down syndrome, what chromosome changes would be evident?</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">There would be 47 instead of 46. An extra chromosome indicating Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome 21) or, in other words, Down’s syndrome. 2 X chromosomes indicate a female.</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">4. Identifying Relationships</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">A pedigree is a diagram that shows the presence</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">or absence of a trait in each person in each generation. How does a karyotype</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">differ from a pedigree?</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Pedigree represents a pattern of inheritance of a trait present or absent in family members. Karyotype shows the number of chromosome pairs in a cell nucleus of an individual.</span> </p> <p> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Conclusions</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">1. Interpreting Information</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"> If your job were to inform the parents of the fetus</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">of their test results, what would you say?</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">We can identify if fetus is a male or a female (XX/XY chromosomes) and it has any chromosome abnormalities (Klinefelter's Syndrome/Trisomy 13 Syndrome/Down’s Syndrome)</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">2. Drawing Conclusions</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Why are karyotypes important tools for geneticists?</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Karyotype examines chromosomes in a sample of cells. It helps to see if pairs of chromosomes match and we can find out if there are any genetic problems which might cause diseases.</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">3. Evaluating Models</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Can the analysis of a karyotype reveal point mutations?</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Explain your answer.</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">It is impossible to reveal point mutation by analys of a karyotype. Only chromosome mutations can be found. Point mutations involve base pairs in the DNA</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">4. Applying Conclusions</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">You have prepared a karyotype of an individual and</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">have found that one of the chromatids of chromosome 4 is shorter than its</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">homologue. What can you conclude has happened to this chromosome?</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#231e1f">Part of a chromosome has been lost due to deletion and this can be fatal for fetus.</span> </p> </div> </body> </html> ">
