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617AST21212ESSAY2021B.docx
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Environmental Chemistry
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//ABISOURCE//DTD XHTML plus AWML 2.2//EN" "http://www.abisource.com/2004/xhtml-awml/xhtml-awml.mod"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:awml="http://www.abisource.com/2004/xhtml-awml/"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> Abiword HTML Document </title> </head> <body> <div> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:18pt">REPORT WRITING IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY</span> </p> <span></span> <a name="_Toc126505731"> <span style="font-size:14pt">PURPOSE</span> </a> <p> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>Many of you will be in a work situation where you are requested to investigate the consequences of future or existing environmental problems. Although you have taken a course in environmental chemistry, it is not expected that you have enough knowledge to elucidate by yourselves all the scientific aspects of the environmental problem. Therefore it is important to realize that there is a range of available sources for information which you can turn to. Experience from such investigation is desirable. There is not given much practise on writing in the program and this assignment constitutes therefore a good opportunity for you to improve your writing and investigation skills. There appears especially to be a large challenge in writing references and we hope that this project task can help you to overcome this problem.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <span></span> <a name="_Toc126505732"> <span style="font-size:14pt">SELECTION OF AN REPORT THEME</span> </a> <p> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>The main approach is to limit the extent of the study. The report can generally be classified into two major types: Theme and Case study.</span> </p> <h2 id="AbiTOC0" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505733"> <span style="font-size:12pt">2.1. Theme</span> </a> </h2> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>This type of study addresses a general environmental problem such as: acid rain, green house effect, ozone layer, radioactive waste, radon gas, heavy metals, eutrophication, pesticides, chlorinated organic compounds, dioxin, smog etc.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>Also it is possible to focus on possible solutions of environmental problems. For instance:</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>Alternative energy forms, alternative production processes, waste recirculation, sewage or waste water treatment etc.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>Here there is often unlimited literature, and it will be quiet necessary to choose only a small part of these issues. In case of acid rain one could for example choose a subject such as fish death or forest death and/or limit the problem geographically to China, southern Asia or specific area in the world.</span> </p> <h2 id="AbiTOC1" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505734"> <span style="font-size:12pt">2.2. Case study</span> </a> </h2> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>This is a study that concerns a specific emission source or recipient. Examples for such studies are Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, coal relied factories like</span><span>steel, glass and petrochemicals, diesel trucks, a limited oil leakage from oil carrier or a platform, Dong River, Landfill sites, air pollutants in Hong Kong etc.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>In a case study the extent of the problem is often restricted by its context. The magnitude of the available material is often limited and therefore become more treatable. We have seen many good reports based on case studies.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <span></span> <a name="_Toc126505736"> <span style="font-size:14pt">FORMAL REQUIREMENTS</span> </a> <span style="font-size:14pt"></span> <h2 id="AbiTOC2" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505737"> <span style="font-size:12pt">3.1. References</span> </a> </h2> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>All the references cited in the text should be enrolled in the list. There are many ways of referring to references; e.g. giving the name of the author and publishing year or by using index numbers. We use author’s name and publishing year as shown in the example below, since the numbering type is not practical in a student work.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>Examples for using of author’s name and publishing year:</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span style="font-style:italic">Sullivan et al. (1986) pointed out in an investigation that Al chemistry in fact has more aspects than what is commonly relayed in text books (see Stumm and Morgan, 1981). A number of articles also pointed out that the soil characteristics is important (Nørdo, 1997; Sullivan et al., 1986). Our opinion is that the coffee price in Denmark is important in this context. But R. Vogt (pers. comm.) does not agree to that. He refers to a report prepared by Norwegian pollution control (SFT) which obviously concludes that the coffee price in Norway is of no importance to the Al chemistry (SFT, 2003).</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>We see that only the family name of the author is used. When there are two authors, both their family names are used. When there are more than two, only the family name of the first author is used followed by</span><span style="font-style:italic">et al.</span><span> One can use the name of the institution in charge of the publication if the author’s name is not given. If there are many articles published in the same year for the same author, one can use a, b, c etc. after the year. Remember that this should be done in agreement to the literature list. All references that are mentioned in the text should be written the literature list and vice versa.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>Literature list (arranged in alphabetic order)</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:106.200000pt;text-indent:-106.200000pt"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Article in book: Nord</span><span>ø</span><span style="font-family:'Times'"> J., 1977.</span><span style="font-family:'Times'">En statistisk unders</span>ø<span style="font-family:'Times'">kelse av surheten i en bekk n</span>æ<span style="font-family:'Times'">r Birkenes i Aust-Agder. In: Rosenqvist, I.T. (Ed.) Sur jord - surt vann (Acid soil acid water), Ingeni</span>ø<span style="font-family:'Times'">rforlaget, Oslo.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:106.200000pt;text-indent:-106.200000pt"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Report: SFT, 1996. Utredning av effekter av kaffeprisen i Norge og i utlandet p</span>å<span style="font-family:'Times'"> Al kjemien. Resultater 19801996. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT) Oslo.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:106.200000pt;text-indent:-106.200000pt"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Textbook: Stumm, J.H. og Morgan, J.J., 1981.</span><span style="font-family:'Times'">Aquatic Chemistry. Wiley Interscience, New York. 780 pp.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:106.200000pt;text-indent:-106.200000pt"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Scientific paper: Sullivan, T.J., Christophersen, N., Muniz, I.P., Seip, H.M., and Sullivan, P.D., 1986. Aqueous aluminum chemistry response to episodic increases in discharge.</span><span style="font-family:'Times'">Nature, 323: 324327.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Per. comm.</span><span style="font-family:'Times'">:Vogt, R.D., Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Oslo, P.b.1033, 0315 Oslo.</span> </p> <h2 id="AbiTOC3" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505738"> <span style="font-size:12pt">3.2. Layout</span> </a> </h2> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">The front page should contain the title, name of authors and the publication year. The text should be typed using Times New Roman 12 point, single line spacing, on numbered</span><span>pages. Text should be written in plural form- or passive</span><span style="font-family:'Times'"> tense. Tables and figures are to be inserted into the text and made understandable by means table or figure text alone. The figure text should be written below the figure while the table text should be placed above the table.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <span></span> <a name="_Toc126505739"> <span style="font-size:14pt">STRUCTION OF THE</span> </a> <span style="font-size:14pt">REPORT</span> <h2 id="AbiTOC4" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505740"> <span style="font-size:12pt">4.1. Abstract</span> </a> </h2> <p> <a name="OLE_LINK1"> <span style="font-family:'Times-Roman'">Provide a short abstract of 100 to 250 words. The abstract should not contain any undefined</span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-family:'Helvetica-Bold'"></span><span style="font-family:'Times-Roman'">abbreviations or references.</span> </a> </p> <h2 id="AbiTOC5" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505741"> <span style="font-size:12pt">4.2. Introduction</span> </a> </h2> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Here the problem should be defined and the topic should be delimited. How the problem/topic fits into a large perspective and what it is that render it to be important or interesting should be explained and clarified. The introduction should contains a short summery of the given problem/scientific field by quoting central literature. This may be managed in a chronological manner. In the introduction the theme may be dealt with in a general manner, but the amount of text should not be more than 20% of the report. The literature that is used for writing the introduction is usually taken from review articles, text books and reference books. Since the content of the introduction is usually generally accepted facts. The introduction should be ended by a short text that describes the purpose of the report.</span> </p> <h2 id="AbiTOC6" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505742"> <span style="font-size:12pt">4.3. Main part</span> </a> </h2> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">The main part should contain compiled material from reports, investigations and research articles. Information should include results from research work, but at the same time it should be understandable by any person that has some chemical education.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Every environmental problem has many different sides and aspects. We should focus on the environmental chemical aspects of the problem. The political, economic and ethical aspects can be discussed, but should not dominate in the work. Chemical equations which related to the discussed theme can be added to the text.</span> </p> <h2 id="AbiTOC7" awml:style="heading 2"> <a name="_Toc126505743"> <span style="font-size:12pt">4.4. Conclusion</span> </a> </h2> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">One should try to answer possible problem aspects in the conclusion. The student may try to evaluate the problem based on information from reports considered together with new information from research reports. The student should be neutral and not dogmatic.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <h1 id="AbiTOC8" awml:style="heading 1"> <a name="_Toc126505750"> <span style="font-size:14pt">5.DEADLINE</span> </a> </h1> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>Deadline for delivery is Week 14 (30, April)</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>The report should include 10-20 machine written pages.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>The report is delivered electronic through Canvas, preferentially as Word file or as pdf.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <span></span> <a name="_Toc126505751"> <span style="font-size:14pt">EVALUATION</span> </a> <p> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>The report will count 25%. Some factors that are considered during the evaluation:</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● Relevance: Does the title reflect the content? The title should clearly inform the reader what the report is about. It is an art to write a good and comprehensive title. It should not be too long nor too short.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● The report should include 10-20 machine written pages (12 point Times Roman, single line spacing) + graphs, figures and tables. Evaluation is focused on quality, not quantity.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● Structure and flow: There should be a good flow in the story and build up of the arguments in the report. Is the sequence and distribution of the chapters and sub-chapters ideal?</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● Professional overview and understanding: Does the student possess an overview of the issue? Does the report express an in-depth handling of the theme? Is the information</span><span> updated</span><span>?</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● Chemical content: AST21212 is a course in chemistry. The problems should therefore be chemically relevant. Relevant chemical information should be included in the work and this information should be scientifically correct.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● Introduction/conclusion: Does the introduction give a clear definition, limitation and introduction to the theme? Is there a paragraph that clearly summarizes the findings and/or provides any conclusions in the end?</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● References</span><span> and reference list</span><span>: Are all literature sources referred to? (remember also figures and tables)? Is the reference list and all references complete? Are the journals name abbreviated correctly?</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span> ● Figures, tables and graphic forms: Readable, relevant, uniform expressions. Is it easy to understand what the figures and tables illustrate? Do the figures express what they are meant to show? Are all the numbers in the tables used in the text necessary?</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> <span>● Language expression, style consciousness: Good language. Objective</span><span>. Did the student understand what a scientific report is</span><span>? Spelling control is recommended. Irrespective of how good one writes, there is always some mistakes that need correction.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;border:0.50pt solid;border-collapse:collapse;empty-cells:show;table-layout:fixed"> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Criterion</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Weighting %</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Introduction/</span><span style="font-family:'Times'">conclusion</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">10</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span>Chemical content</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">30</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span>Quality and format of References</span><span> and reference list</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">10</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span>Use of Figures, tables and graphic forms</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">10</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span>Professional overview and understanding</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">10</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span>Relevance</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">10</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span>Structure and flow</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">10</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">Use of language</span> </p> </td> <td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding: 0.00pt;border:0.50pt solid inherit"> <p style="text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:'Times'">10</span> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p awml:style="footer"> </p> <p awml:style="footer"> </p> <p awml:style="footer"> </p> <p awml:style="footer"> <div> </div> <p awml:style="footer"> </p> <p awml:style="footer"> </p> </p> </div> </body></html> ">
