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Ethincs
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translations from ancient languages, this<br>can be misleading. The main trouble is that<br>happiness (especially in modern America)<br>is often conceived of as a subjective state<br>of mind, as when one says one is happy<br>when one is enjoying a cool beer on a hot<br>day, or is out "having fun" with one's<br>friends. For Aristotle, however, happiness<br>is a final end or goal that encompasses the<br>totality of one's life. It is not something<br>that can be gained or lost in a few hours,<br>like pleasurable sensations. It is more like<br>the ultimate value of your life as lived up<br>to this moment, measuring how well you<br>have lived up to your full potential as a<br>human being. For this reason, one cannot<br>really make any pronouncements about<br>whether one has lived a happy life until it<br>is over, just as we would not say of a<br>football game that it was a "great game" at<br>halftime (indeed we know of many such<br>games that turn out to be blowouts or<br>duds). For the same XXXXXX we cannot say<br>that children XXX XXXXX, XXX more than XX<XX>XXX XXX XXXX an XXXXX XX a tree, for XXX<XX>potential XXX a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX life XXX<XX>not yet been realized. As Aristotle XXXX,<XX>"for as it XX not one swallow or XXX XXXX XXX<br>XXXX makes a spring, so it is not XXX XXX or<br>a XXXXX XXXX that makes a man XXXXXXX XXX<XX>XXXXX." (XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX)<br>XXX Hierarchical View of Nature<XX>XX order XX explain XXXXX XXXXXXXXX,<XX>Aristotle XXXXX on a XXXX XX nature he<br>derived XXXX his XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX.<br>If we look at XXXXXX, we XXXXXX XXXX there<br>are XXXX different XXXXX XX things XXXX XXXXX<br>in the XXXXX, XXXX one XXXXXXX XX a<br>XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX:<br>XXXXXXX: rocks, XXXXXX and XXXXX<br>lifeless things. The only XXXX XXXXX<br>these XXXXXX seek XX to come XX a XXXX.<XX>XXXX XXX "XXXXXX stupid" since XXXX<br>XXX inanimate objects XXXX XX XXXX<br>XXXXXXXXXX: plants and other wildlife.<XX>XXXX XX see a XXX kind of XXXXX<XX>XXXXXX,XXXXXXXXX XXXXX is alive.<XX>XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX nourishment XXX<br>XXXXXX, XXXX XXXX souls and can be<XX>XXXX said to XX XXXXXXXXX when they<XX>XXXXXX these goals<XX>XXXXXX: all the XXXXXXXXX XX study as<br>belonging to the animal XXXXXXX.<XX>Here XX see a XXXXXX XXXXX of XXXX<br>emerge: animals seek pleasure XXX<XX>reproduction, XXX XX XXX talk XXXXX a<XX>happy or sad XXX, XXX example, XX XXX<br>extent that they XXX XXXXXXX and lead a<br>pleasant XXXX<br>XXXXX: what is it XXXX makes human<XX>beings different from XXX rest of the<XX>animal kingdom? Aristotle answers:<br>Reason. XXXX humans XXX capable of<XX>acting XXXXXXXXX XX principles, and in<br>so doing taking XXXXXXXXXXXXXX for XXXXX<XX>XXXXXXX. We can XXXXX XXXXXX for<XX>stealing the candy XXXXX he XXXXX it is<XX>XXXXX, XXX we XXXXXX't blame an<XX>animal XXXXX it XXXXX't know XXX<XX>better.<XX>It XXXXX XXXX our XXXXXX XXXXXXXX is to<br>reason: XX reasoning XXXXXX out XX XXXXXX<XX>our ends, XXXXX XXX problems, XXX hence<br>live a life XXXX is XXXXXXXXXXXXX different in<br>kind XXXX XXXXXX or XXXXXXX. The good for<br>a XXXXX is different from XXX XXXX XXX an<XX>animal XXXXXXX we XXXX different<XX>XXXXXXXXXX or potentialities. We have a<br>XXXXXXXX capacity and the XXXXXXXXXX of XXXX<XX>XXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXX<br>XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXX. XXX XXXX XXXXXX,<br>XXXXXXXX alone XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXX, XXX pleasure XX what XXXXXXX<XX>seek and XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX higher<br>capacities XXXX XXXXXXX. XXX goal is not XX<br>annihilate our XXXXXXXX urges, however, XXX<XX>XXXXXX XX channel them in XXXX that are<XX>XXXXXXXXXXX to XXX natures as rational<XX>animals.<br>XXXX XXXXXXXXX gives XX his<XX>XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX:<br>. ..the function XX man is XX live a<br>certain XXXX of XXXX, and this XXXXXXXX<XX>XXXXXXX a rational principle, XXX XXX<br>XXXXXXXX XX a good XXX is XXX good<br>XXX XXXXX performance of these, XXX<XX>if XXX XXXXXX XX well XXXXXXXXX it XX<XX>XXXXXXXXX in accord with XXX<XX>appropriate XXXXXXXXXX: XX this is XXX<XX>case , then happiness XXXXX out XX XX<br>an activity XX XXX soul in XXXXXXXXXX<XX>XXXX virtue. (Nicomachean Ethics,<br>XXXX a XX )<XX>The Pursuit XX Happiness as XXX Exercise XX<XX>XXXXXX<XX>XX XXXX XXXX quote XX can XXX XXXXXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX of Aristotle's theory: the<br>XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX and<XX>XXXXXX. XXXXXXXXX tells us that XXX XXXX<XX>important factor in the effort to XXXXXXX<br>XXXXXXXXX is to XXXX a XXXX moral<br>character — what he calls "XXXXXXXX<br>virtue." XXX being virtuous XX not a passive<XX>XXXXX: one XXXX XXX in accordance with<XX>virtue. Nor XX it enough to XXXX a few<XX>virtues; rather one must strive to possess<XX>XXX XX them. XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX,<XX>XX is happy XXX XXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX<br>with XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XX<XX>XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX external<br>goods , XXX for XXXX chance period<br>XXX throughout a XXXXXXXX life.<br>(Nicomachean Ethics , 1101a XX )<XX>XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX<XX>in achieving, XXXXXXX the course of a whole<XX>lifetime, XXX the goods — health, XXXXXX,<br>knowledge, XXXXXXX, etc. &XXXXX; XXXX XXXX to XXX<br>XXXXXXXXXX XX human nature and XX the<br>XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXX. XXXX requires XX<br>to XXXX XXXXXXX, XXXX XX which may XX<br>very difficult. XXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXX<XX>XXXXXXXX immediate pleasure and is more<XX>tempting, while XXX XXXXXXX XXXX is XXXXXXX<br>and requires XXXX XXXX of sacrifice. XXX<XX>example, it XXX be easier XXX more<XX>enjoyable XX spend the XXXXX XXXXXXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX, but you know XXXX you will XX<XX>XXXXXX off XX you XXXXX it XXXXXXXXXXX for<XX>your term XXXXX. Developing a XXXX<XX>character XXXXXXXX a XXXXXX effort of XXXX XX<XX>XX the right XXXXX, even in XXXXXXXXX<XX>situations.<XX>Another XXXXXXX is XXX XXXXXX of XXXXX,<br>XXXXX is becoming more XXX XXXX XX a<br>problem in XXX XXXXXXX today. XXX a XXXXXX<br>small XXXXX, XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX take<XX>XXX’s XXXX XXX XX XXX’s XXXXXXXX XXX<XX>experience deep euphoria XX popping an<br>oxycontin pill or XXXXXXXX some XXXXXXX.<br>Yet, inevitably, XXXX short-term XXXXXXXX<br>XXXX lead to XXXXXX XXXX pain. X few XXXXX<XX>XXXXX you XXX feel miserable XXX so XXXX<br>to take the drug XXXXX, XXXXX XXXXX to a<XX>never-XXXXXX spiral XX need XXX XXXXXX.<XX>Addiction XXXXXXXXXX drains XXXX XXXXX XXX<br>provides a burden to your friends XXX<br>XXXXXX. XXX of XXXXX virtues — XXXXXXXXXX,<br>temperance, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, etc. —<XX>that XXXX up the XXXX XXXX XXXXXX XX be<XX>XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX in a life XX drug use.<XX>XXXXXXXXX would XX strongly critical XX XXX<XX>culture XX "instant gratification" XXXXX<br>XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXX today.<XX>In order XX XXXXXXX XXX life XX XXXXXXXX<br>XXXXXX, XX XXXX XX XXXX the right XXXXXXX,<XX>XXX this XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX our XXX XX the<XX>XXXXXX, XX XXX XXXXXXXX result we want for<XX>our lives as a XXXXX. We will not achieve<XX>XXXXXXXXX simply by enjoying the pleasures<XX>XX XXX moment. XXXXXXXXXXXXX, this XX<br>XXXXXXXXX most XXXXXX are not able XX<br>XXXXXXXX in themselves. XX he XXXXXXX,<XX>"XXX mass of XXXXXXX are XXXXXXXXX XXXXX<XX>XXXXXXX in their XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX a XXXX<XX>XXXXXXXX XX beasts"</p>">
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