1b: In United States, the use of water is divided among various sectors. The residential sector is provided with more than half of the total amount. The amount of water supply that is provided to residential sector is 58%. The industrial sector is provided with 12 percent of total amount of water supply (Kelly T. Sanders and Michael E Webber, 2012). And the remaining amount of total water supply is divided in a way that half is delivered to commercial sector and the remaining half is delivered to public locations such as recreation places and municipal places etc.
So it indicates that the largest volume of water is consumed by the residential sector. As the 58% of the total amount goes to the residential area.
1C: In 2014, the prices of water have risen again but not to the extent to which they rose in the previous years. According to a survey, the average price for hundred gallons of water for each person in a family of four has increased by 6.2%. Moreover according to a pricing survey, the prices of water over the past 20 years have increased by 4.9% on annual basis. As the consumption rate of the water has increased over the years with the increase in population. Therefore the water supply has also decided to enhance the rate of the water usage.
It has not affected the consumption of water as much. Because no matter whatever is the price of water, it is an essential element of everyday life and nothing can be done without water. So whether the price increases or decreases its consumption rate is not affected by it.
1d:
Advantages:
The biggest advantage of bottled water is that it is easily available. A person can buy clean and safe water from anywhere and at any time.Another advantage of bottled water is that it is prepared under strict observation to make sure that it is free of contaminants. Tap water may be affected due to natural disasters and thus as compared to the tap water, bottled water is safe to drink (Catherine Ferrier, April 2001).Bottled water is available in different sizes in the markets. Thus it provides convenience to the consumers according to their price affordability.It contains less minerals and contamination because these contaminants are filtered during distillation process.It contains no lead and chlorine that are harmful for human health.
Disadvantages:
It is not monitored by the government labs and it means that there is no bacteria and contamination testing for bottled water.The bottles are prepared from the substance that is harmful for human health and the environment (Catherine Ferrier, April 2001).Chemicals are leaked by these plastic bottles into the water that harms health.It is more expensive as compared to the tap water.These bottles are not disposed well and it takes almost 300 years to degrade these bottles. Therefore are very harmful for the environment and ecosystem.
Q2:
Yes I would recommend to use DDT spray in order to control malaria in developing countries because the other insecticides that are used to control the production and growth of mosquitoes are not cheap and they have no long residual effect. Moreover the frequent spraying of these chemicals other than DDT that have short residual action is not affordable and a good method to control malaria in rural areas of the developing countries (Donald R. Roberts, 2002).
Also the effectiveness of DDT has been proved in a way that when the rural households were stopped from spraying DDT, they developed the condition of uncontrolled malaria like that was in mid 1990s. Also DDT is safe and cheaper to use. It produce overnight results in controlling the mosquitos’ production and growth that leads to malaria control. DDT has also shown dramatic results in the control of malaria in mid 1990s. So it is a strong evidence to recommend DDT for the control of malaria in rural areas of the developing countries.
Q3:
The purpose of bio monitoring study is to provide information about exposure of individuals on large scale. But this study should be designed like that it take care of the welfare and rights of the individuals.
Yes I would recommend the bio monitoring study results to be reported back to the participants. Because the participants should know the concentration of PBDEs in breast milk. If the results are communicated clearly and the study is designed in a good way then it can mitigate the negative impacts of this bio monitoring study (Nerissa Wu, Phil Brown and Thomas F Webster, 2009). Moreover the feedback helps the participants to improve their health conditions. Also the duration of breast feeding by the participants is not affected if they are given clear and concise feedback.
This bio monitoring study is beneficial in the sense that it enhances the awareness about the information of breast milk among the individuals. As there is very little information about the contaminants that are present in the breast milk of humans. Moreover this study also help to assess the effects of the environment on the women breast milk.
This bio monitoring study helps in minimizing the negative impacts of bio monitoring on breast feeding but it requires the benefits of breast feeding in a clear way. Also if more specific standards for this study are adopted then it will protect the individuals from harm. This study helps the participants to get awareness about the environmental health.
Therefore it is very essential to report the results back to the participants. Pother wise they will not know about the purpose of the study and also about their own health. Actually if the results are not communicated back to the participants then there is no purpose of conducting this study. Clear communication can give more positive results than no communication at all.
References:
Nerissa Wu, Phil Brown and Thomas F Webster, 2009. “Participant experiences in a breast milk bio monitoring study: A qualitative assessment”
http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/4
Donald R. Roberts, 2002. “To control malaria, we need DDT”.
http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/Fall02/DDT.html
Catherine Ferrier, April 2001 “Bottled water: Understanding a social phenomenon” The web.
www.assets.panda.org/downloads/bottled_water.pdf
Price of Water 2014: Up 6 Percent in 30 Major U.S. Cities; 33 Percent Rise Since 2010”
http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2014/world/price-water-2014-6-percent-30-major-u-s-cities-33-percent-rise-since-2010/
Kelly T. Sanders and Michael E Webber, 2012 “evaluating the energy consumed for water use in United States”
http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/3/034034/pdf/1748-9326_7_3_034034.pdf
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