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Chemistry:- Acids and Bases .
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<p>where:</p> <XX><li>[h⁺] is XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX of hydrogen ions in moles XXX XXXXX (m).</li></ul> <XX>example XXXXXXXXXXX</XX> <p>let's XXX XX have a solution with a XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX 1.0 × XX⁻³ m (0.XXX m):</p> <p><span class="XXXXX"&XX;<span class="katex-XXXXXX">ph=−log(1.X×10−3)\XXXX{ph} = -\log(X.0 \XXXXX 10^{-3})</span>&XX;span class="XXXXX-html" XXXX-XXXXXX="true"><span XXXXX="XXXX">&XX;span class="strut">&XX;/span><span XXXXX="mord text"&XX;<span class="XXXX"&XX;ph</span&XX;</span>&XX;span XXXXX="mspace"&XX;&XX;/span><span class="XXXX">=&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="mspace"></span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;<span class="base"&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXX"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="mord">−</span><span class="XXXXXX"&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;span class="XXX"&XX;log&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXXX">(</span&XX;<span XXXXX="mord">X.0&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXXXX">&XX;/span><span class="mbin">×&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXXX"></span>&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXX">&XX;span class="strut">&XX;/span&XX;<span class="mord"&XX;X</span&XX;<span class="mord"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;0</span&XX;<span class="msupsub"&XX;<span class="XXXXX-t"&XX;&XX;span class="vlist-r">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"&XX;</span><span class="sizing reset-size6 XXXXX XXXXXX"&XX;<span class="mord XXXXXX"&XX;&XX;span class="mord mtight"&XX;−</span><span XXXXX="mord mtight"&XX;3&XX;/span></span></span&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;/span></span&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="mclose">)</span></span&XX;</span&XX;</span&XX;</p> <p><span XXXXX="katex"&XX;<span XXXXX="katex-mathml">ph=−(−X)\XXXX{XX} = -(-X)</span><span XXXXX="katex-XXXX" aria-hidden="XXXX"&XX;&XX;span class="XXXX"&XX;&XX;span class="strut"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="mord text"&XX;<span class="mord">ph&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="mspace"&XX;</span><span XXXXX="mrel">=</span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"></span></span><span XXXXX="base"&XX;<span class="XXXXX"&XX;</span><span class="mord"&XX;−&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXX">(&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="mord">−&XX;/span&XX;<span class="mord"&XX;X</span&XX;<span class="mclose">)&XX;/span&XX;</span></span&XX;</span></p> <p>&XX;span XXXXX="katex"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="katex-mathml">XX=X\XXXX{ph} = 3&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXX" aria-hidden="XXXX"&XX;<span class="base">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX"&XX;</span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX text"&XX;<span XXXXX="mord">XX</span>&XX;/span><span XXXXX="mspace"></span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX">=&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"></span></span&XX;<span class="XXXX"&XX;<span class="XXXXX"&XX;</span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;X</span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;/span></p> <p>XXXXXXXXX, the XX XX this solution XX 3, indicating that it XX acidic.</p> <XX>XXXXXXX</XX> <ul><li><p><XXXXXX>XXXXX XXX XXXXX:</strong></p><ul><li>brønsted-XXXXX XXXXXX defines acids as XXXXXX XXXXXX and bases as proton XXXXXXXXX.</li><li>XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX acids as electron pair XXXXXXXXX and bases as electron pair donors.</li></XX></li><li><p><strong>ph XXXXX:</XXXXXX></p><ul><li>measures acidity or XXXXXXXX on a XXXXX from X to XX.</li><li>ph < X is acidic, XX = X XX XXXXXXX, XXX XX > 7 is basic.</li></ul></li><li><p><XXXXXX>calculating ph:</strong></p><ul><li>ph = -XXX[h⁺], XXXXX [h⁺] is the hydrogen XXX concentration in XXXXX per liter (m).</li></ul></li></XX>">
