Discuss the variations of federalism in U.S. history. Explain why these variations were necessary.
American Federalism did not evolve linearly. There were times when the federal government was stronger and other times when the state governments held the real power. We also had a time when a "confederate" experiment took place, during the Civil War.
Divided into separate variations, the American federalism can be divided in:
1. Pre-federalism ( 1776-1789) - The former colonies are moving from a Confederate based philosophy towards the (then) innovative concept of Federalism. The key idea was that a Federal system will protect the state governments from any abuse the national government would make. The new Constitution established the foundation of the Federal system.
X. Dual XXXXXXXXXX (1789-XXXX) - State XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX are equal at least in XXXXXX. The source XX harmony becomes XXX XXXXXX for XXXXXXXX. Both sides XXXX more XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX.
3. Cooperative federalism (XXXX-1961) - XXXX the XXX Deal XXXXXXXX by XXX, the XXXXXXXX government started sharing XXXXXXX responsibilities with the XXXXX governments, in order XX re-establish economic XXXXXXXXXX.
X. Creative Federalism (XXXX-XXXX) - The XXXXXXX XXXXXX moves closer XX the XXXXXXX. The federal governments XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX directly XXXXXXXXX local communities.
5. New fiscal XXXXXXX (1969-1977) - President XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX XX XXXXX.
6. Partnership XXXXXXXXXX (XXXX-1981) -XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX partnership between state XXX federal authorities.
7. XXX XXXXXXXXXX federalism (1981-XXXX) - Ronald Reagan continues this trend but he starts XXXXXXXX the role of the federal XXXXXXXXXX.
X. XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (XXXX- XXXXX) - XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX works with XXXXX and XXXXX authorities XXXX, for common goals.
XXXXXXXXX:
XXXXXXX, XXXXX X. and XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXX. XXXXXXXXXX American Politics: An XXXXXXXXXXXX XX Government. XXX XXXX: XXXXX Publishers, p. 96.
XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX between XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXX to XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXX-in-XXX.
First of all, XXX’s define grant-in-XXXX. XXX term describes XXX financial XXXXX XXXX XX XXX federal or by the state XXXXXXXXXXX to partially or totally finance local institutions or XXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXX-in-aid XXX help a local community recover from a XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX or pave its roads. XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX asks XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX should be treated XXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXX-in-XXX XXXX an uniform XXXXX and XX one XXXXXXXXX XXXX have access to one, the other may ask the same treatment. The main assumption of the liberal XXXXXXXX is XXXX everyone should be protected by the XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX government.
XXX conservative doctrine may XX also called the minimalistic XXXXXXXX. XXXXXX-in-aids XXX limited XXX only given XX very XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX focus XX XXXXXXXXXX XXX individual. XXX individual is XXXXX XX his local community. This means that grants-in-XXXX XXX XXX always the right XXXX XX XXXX with XXXX XXXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXX, both XXXXXXXXX have XXXXX XXXX and XXXXX bad points. The liberal doctrine cannot XXXXXXXXX that XXX money will be XXXXX correctly and XXX XXXXX important reasons. The XXXXXXXXXXXX doctrine XXX XXXX to protect XXX individual if it will XXXXXX or XXXXX the grants given to the XXXXXXXXXXX. XXX best solution? XXXXX isn’t one yet. Maybe we need another XXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXXX:XXXX://primohistory.com/XXXXXXXXXXXX%20vs%XXXXXXXXXX.pdf
Discuss XXX XXXXXXXXXX between XXXXXXXX and protest.
I XXXXX that XXXXXX sense XXX XXXX XX the XXXXXX XX this XXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXXXX- Peacefully XXXXXXXXXX a discontent or XXXX regarding the XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX agenda.
Violence - XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX can cause XXXXXX and XXXX people, just to XXXX a XXXXXXXXX.
Sometimes, protests XXX violence incidents XX hand in XXXX. XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX people feel that their voice XX unheard or XXXXXXX. Violence XX a XXXXXXXXXXX XX frustration. The frustration you XXX't XXXXXXX something by using a XXXXXX approach.
XXXXXXXX can also happen XXXX XXXXXXXXXX feel XXXX XXXX are XXXX or offended XX XXX authorities or the politicians.
But by all XXXXX, violence XX never the XXXXXX. This is XXXXXXX violence always comes with more XXXXXXXX. Violence XXXX XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXX XX a protest. XXXX it XXXXXX violent, the XXXXXXX XXXXXXX a XXXXXX confrontation where XXX one with XXX XXXXXXX brute XXXXX XXXX XXX. In a mature XXXXXXXXX, protests XXX based XX XXXXXX communication and violence is out of the XXXXXXXXXX.
XX fragile XXXXXXXXXXX, violence XX XXXXX a XXX to solve and dictate the public agenda. This is XXX a XXXX thing XX XXXXXX. XXXX, it's XXXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXX violent XXXXXXX can XXXX come XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX, not only XXXX the people.
Discuss five issues that XXXXXX XXXXX turnout in XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX.
X. Voluntary XXXX- XXXXXX can XXXXXX XX vote or not. Most democracies XX the XXXX. XX votes XXXXX be mandatory, turnout rates XXXXX be out XX the discussion.
2. The XXXXXXXXXXXX Process- We are one XX XXX few XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX ask XXX XXXXXX to register for voting. XXXX democracies XXXXX XXXXX citizens XXXX XX XXXX have a XXXXX ID.
X. XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX- XXXXXXXX votes make XXXXXX XXXX their XXXX doesn't really matter. XXX XXXXXXXXX process XXXXXXXX the XXXXXX cast their votes each XXX XXXXX XXX the state and XXXXXXXX Congress XXX XXXX for XXXXX for XXX Presidential elections. Maybe if people XXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX years, they would XXX XXXX attention to XXX voting XXXXXXX.
4. The political agenda - The political agenda and XXX politicians XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX or turn people XXXX XXXX voting. XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXX feel or remember the power XX XXXXX XXXX. When XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXX, XXXX people feel that a XXXX cannot change XXXX.
X XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX- XX felons could XXXX, XXX voter turnout will sure XXXXXXXX. XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX doctrine should let someone XXX XXXX a XXXXXXX still XXXX, except XXXXX XXXX were part XX election XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX influenced criminal XXXXXXXXXX.
Reference:
Black X. XXXX,XXX XX XXXXXXX so XXX in X.S. XXXXXXXXX? XX XXXX it more XXXXXXXXX to XXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, MinnPost, XXXXXXXXX from minnpost.com/XXXX-XXXXX-XXX/2014/XX/why-turnout-so-XXX-us-elections-we-make-it-more-XXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXX-democrac
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