Reduced levels of protein will be produced by the genes. RNA polymerase can still bind to the operator but since all three genes depend on one promoter, RNA polymerase will not go past the mutation in Gene A. This results in no protein being produced by this operon.
9. (4 points) Name and briefly describe four mechanisms by which antibiotic susceptible bacteria can acquire genes resistant to antibiotics.
1. Spontaneous mutation. A small part of bacterial population randomly develops mutations that give them resistance against the antibiotic. This mutation is passed down to progeny and eventually the population gains the resistance.
2. XXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXXXXX transfer DNA XXXX XXXXXXXXX bacteria into XXX-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. The XXX DNA is incorporated into XXXXXXXX or chromosome XXX confer XXXXXXXXXX.
3. XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Bacteria endocytoses XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX from XXXX lysed bacteria.The XXX DNA XX incorporated into XXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX XXX confer XXXXXXXXXX.
4. XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX bacteria XXXXXXXX plasmids through XXXXXX XXXXXXX. These XXXXXXXX may confer antibiotic resistance and XX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX.
10. (3 XXXXXX) XXXX XX an endospore? XXXXXXXX its XXXXXXXXX and function for a bacterial cell. XXXX at XXXXX two infections transmitted to humans XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and the XXXXXXXX (genus and XXXXXXX XXXXX) XXXX XXXXX XXXX.
Certain XXXXXXX XX bacteria form an XXXXXXXXX when it XXXXXXX unfavorable XXXXXXXXXXXXX factors, such as lack XX XXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXXXX consists of XXX genome of XXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX layers of XXXXXXXX, peptidoglycans, and proteins that XXXXXXX XXX endospore from XXX environment. XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX infections includeBacillus XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX causing XXXXXXXX.
XX. (X points) List three different mechanisms XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX are effective XXXXXXX bacterial infections and XXXX an XXXXXXX of an antibiotic XXX each of the mechanisms.
1. XXXXXXXXXX - prevents XXX disrupts XXXXXXXXX of bacterial cell XXXXX, blocking bacterial XXXXXXXX XX XXXX.
X. Kanamycin - inhibits XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX ribosomes.
X. XXXXXXXXXXX D - XXXXXXX transcription XX XXXXXXX XX XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX.
12. (X XXXXXX) XXXX stain investigation: copy your answers to the Gram XXXXX investigation XXX.
a.What XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX? XXXX the XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX.
XXXXX XX XXXX lab XXXXXX
b.XXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXX food(s) XXXXX have become XXXXXXXXXXXX.
The food XXX XXX prepared correctly XXX bacteria may be left XXXXX cooking.
The XXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXX table, bare hands, XXX.
c.Name XXX ways XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXX avoided.
XXXXXXX XXX food to safe XXXXXXXXXXXX as prescribed by XXX guidelines.
XXXXXXXX XXX food XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX before serving.
d.Did you find XXX microorganism XXXXX XXX to XXXXX food poisoning? What?
Depends on your XXX report. generally gram-XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXX-positive bacteria
e.XX what ways does Gram XXXXXXXX XXXX in XXX identification of unknown bacteria?
XXXX XXXXXXXX showed XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXX XXX a XXXXX peptidoglycan XXXX, XXXXX XXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX.
f.XX you forgot to add XXX XXXXXX, would the XXXX-XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XX purple at XXX end XX the staining procedure? Explain why or why not.
No. XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XX fix XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX stain XXXX the bacterial peptidoglycan. Without it, the stain XXXX XX XXXXXX XXX.
13. (2 XXXXXX) Control slides are missing in XXX Gram Stain XXXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXX are they XXX XXXX is their XXXXXXXXXX in the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX?
The XXXXXXX slides XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX with XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX gram stain. Having a positive control will show that XXX stain procedure XX XXXXXXXXXX.
XXXX your XXXXXXXX XXX XXX manual. XX XXXXXXX XX how XX cite in-class XXXXXXXX:
Elegans, C. (XXXX) XXXXXXX 101:XXXX Biology, Lecture on XXXXXXXX, Harvard XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, MA