Tutorial 4
The photovoltaic technologies emit about 10 times more greenhouse gases emissions than hydroelectric systems and about 10 times less emissions than natural gas. This is because the photovoltaic cells consists of quartz, metallurgic grade silicon (MGS) and electronic-grade silicon(EGS). Both MGS and EGS emits about 3312 × 10^6 kg of CO2 during their lifetime.A). Wind speed of about 5m/s is most frequent.
B). At wind speed of about 11m/s the turbines achieve maximum energy output.
C). The maximum frequency represents the speed of winds that flow mostly while the maximum energy represents the optimum speed which a wind turbine gives a maximum output. Hence they are different.
3. The wind power can not completely replace the coal power stations because:-
Windmills require petroleum every single step of their life cycle. If they can’t replicate themselves using wind turbine generated electricity, they are not sustainableToo many windmills needed to replace fossil fuelsWind turbines can’t be scaled up fast enough to replace fossils.Wind blows seasonally, so for much of there year there wouldn’t be enough windToo many turbines could affect Earth’s climate negatively
4. A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hXXXXXXXXXXXX generator XXXXXXXX XXXX mechanical XXXXXX XXXX electricity.
X. XXX XX.5GW Three XXXXXX hydroelectric XXXXX XXXXX in Yichang, Hubei province, China, XX the XXXXX’s biggest XXXXXXXXXX station.
XX is a conventional impoundment XXXXXXXXXX facility XXXXXXXXXX the XXXXX XXXXXXXX of the XXXXXXX XXXXX. XXX project XX owned and XXXXXXXX XX China Three XXXXXX Corporation (CTGC) XXXXXXX XXX subsidiary China XXXXXXX XXXXX.
6. XX XXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXX XXXX a XXXXX which XX flowing through XXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX installation XXX be XXXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXX or tidal XXXXXXX XXX XX set XX XX obtain electricity with XXX help of river XXXXX. XX is a renewable XXXXXXXXX of energy, and have XXXX advantages XX:-
XXXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXX.
X highly predictable XXXXXX XXXXXX.
XXXX energy XXXXXXX.
Operational and maintenance XXXXX are low.
An XXXXXXXXXXXXX source of XXXXXX.
X. XXXXXXXXXXXXX:-
XXXXXXXXXX is XXX-polluting, but XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX. Hydropower XXXXXXXXXX can XXXXXX land use, XXXXX, XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX in the dam XXXX. XXXXXXXXXX may cover XXXXXX’s homes, important XXXXXXX XXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX land, XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX sites.
Practical:-
XXXXXXXXXXX generation XXX XXXXXX prices XXX XXXXXXXX related to how XXXX water is XXXXXXXXX. A XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX this.
Social:-
XXXXXXXX a XXX and XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX hydroelectric XXXXX XXXXX a lot XX XXXXX, XXXX, XXX construction, XXX XXXX of XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX locate hydro XXXXXX have XXXXXXX XXXX taken.
X. XXXXXXX XX one major force that creates XXXXX. In XXXX, Sir Isaac Newton explained XXXX XXXXX tides XXXXXX from the XXXXXXXXXXXXX attraction of the XXX and moon on the oceans of the earth
The XXXXXX gravitational pull XXXXXXX by the XXX and XXX moon XX XXX earth’s surface causes the tides. The water of the earth closer to XXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX of XXX XXXX’s gravitational XXXXX XXX causes high tide. XXXXXX the XXXX moon and XXX XXXX days, XXX sun, the XXXX XXX the earth are in the same XXXX and the XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX. XXXXX tides are called spring tides.
But when XXX XXXX XX in the first XXX XXXX quarter, the XXXXX waters get XXXXX in diagonally XXXXXXXX directions by the gravitational XXXX XX sun and XXXX XXXXXXXXX in low XXXXX. These tides XXX called XXXX tides.
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9. We are XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX concept XX a XX-hour solar XXX, which XX XXX time that it takes XXX a XXXXXXXX site on XXX Earth to rotate from an XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXX XXX to the XXXX XXXXX under XXX sun. XXXXXXXXX, a lunar day XX XXX XXXX it XXXXX for a XXXXXXXX site XX XXX XXXXX to rotate XXXX an exact XXXXX XXXXX the moon to the XXXX XXXXX XXXXX the XXXX. XXXXXX a XXXXX XXX, however, a XXXXX day XX 24 hours XXX XX minutes. XXX lunar day is 50 minutes longer XXXX a solar day XXXXXXX the XXXX revolves XXXXXX XXX Earth in the same XXXXXXXXX that the XXXXX rotates around XXX XXXX. So, it takes the Earth an XXXXX XX XXXXXXX to “catch XX” to the XXXX.
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XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX rotates through XXX XXXXX “bulges” XXXXX XXXXX XXX, coastal areas experience XXX XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXXXX XXXXX XX hours and XX minutes. XXXX tides occur XX hours and XX minutes XXXXX. It XXXXX six hours and XX.X XXXXXXX XXX XXX water at XXX shore to XX from XXXX XX low, or XXXX low XX high.
10.
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This is a tidal electricity generator XXXXX XXXXX as XXX tide comes in XXX XXXXX when it goes out. The turbines XXX driven XX the XXXXX of XXX XXX in both XXX directions.
XXX ocean XXXXX rise XXX XXXX and water XXX be XXXXXX during XXX XXXX period and it XXX XX XXXXXXXXXX during fall. A XXX XX constructed XXXXXXXXXX XXX tidal basin from XXX XXX XXX a XXXXXXXXXX in water XXXXX is XXXXXXXX between the XXXXX and XXX.
XXXXXX high tide period (XXXXX part XX image),XXXXX XXXXX from XXX sea XXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXX water turbine. The XXXXXX XX tide XX XXXXX that XX XXXXX basin. XXXXX XXX turbine unit XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXX, XX it XX XXXXXXXX coupled XX a XXXXXXXXX.
During XXX tide period (second XXXX XX XXXXX), water flows from tidal XXXXX to sea, XX XXX water XXXXX in XXX XXXXX is more than XXXX XX XXX tide in XXX XXX. XXXXXX this XXXXXX also, the XXXXXXX water XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXX generator XXXXX.
11. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX of an XXXX with high potential for XXXXX power generation are:-
a. It should XX XXXX shore.
b. XXX XXXXX depth should XX 20-XX meters.
c. XXX tidal XXXXX XXXXXX be high.
d. XXX XXXXXXXX XX the flow XX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX be high.
12. Tidal stream generators:-
XXXXX stream XXXXXXXXXX XXXX use of XXX kinetic XXXXXX XX moving XXXXX to power XXXXXXXX, in a XXXXXXX XXX XX wind XXXXXXXX XXXX use XXX XXXX XX power XXXXXXXX.
For most tidal energy XXXXXXXXXX, turbines are placed in tidal XXXXXXX. A XXXXX stream is a XXXX-XXXXXXX body of water created by XXXXX. A turbine XX a machine XXXX takes energy from a XXXX of fluid. XXXX XXXXX XXX be XXX (XXXX) or XXXXXX (water). XXXXXXX water XX much XXXX dense than XXX, tidal XXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX than XXXX energy. XXXXXX XXXX, tides are XXXXXXXXXXX and stable. XXXXX XXXXX generators are used, they produce a XXXXXX, reliable XXXXXX of electricity.
13. a) XXXXXXX tidal XXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXX that uses the XXXXXXXXXX between the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX of tides. XXXX XXXX are XXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX out XXXX XXX XXX or XXXXX—meaning XXXX XXX tides in XXX areas where XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX usually XXXX parallel XX their respective coasts.
XX the XXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX acceleration of XXX XXXXX, a force or XXXX is XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXX be converted into power XXXXX a XXXX series of XXXXXXXXXXXX bi-XXXXXXXXXXX XXX-XXXX XXXXXXXX installed in the dam.
Dynamic tidal XXXXX or DTP is an XXXXXXX XXX promising XXXXXXXXXX for XXXXX power generation. XX would XXXXXXX creating a XXXX dam-like structure XXXXXXXXXXXXX to the coast, XXXX the option for a coast-XXXXXXXX barrier at XXX XXX end, forming a large 'X' shape. XXXX XXXX T-XXX would interfere XXXX XXXXX-XXXXXXXX XXXXX wave hydrodynamics, XXXXXXXX XXXXX level XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXX of XXX XXXXXXX which XXXXX a series XX XX-directional XXXXXXXX installed in the XXX.
The XXXXXXX XXX invented XXX XXXXXXXX in 1997 XX XXXXX coastal XXXXXXXXX Kees XXXXXXXXXX XXX Rob XXXXXX.
b). The XXXXXX Strait XXX XXXXXXXX been XXXXXXXX XX a promising XXXX XXX dynamic XXXXX power systems because XX its XXXXXXX XXXXX and strong tides.
14. XXXXXXXXXX can be defined as the distance XXXXXXX two XXXXXXXXXX crests or troughs of an XXXXX XXXX. XX XX XXXXXXXX in XXX direction XX the wave.
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Crest is XXX XXXXXXX point of the XXXX whereas XXX XXXXXX XX the XXXXXX. XXXXX wavelength XX XXXXXXXX/length, it is measured in XXXXX XX lengths XXXX XX XXXXXX, centimetres, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, etc.
XX. XXXX XXXXXXX affect XXX growth of XXXX XXXXX. First, XXX wind speed XXXX be blowing XXXXXX XXXX XXX transfer XX XXXXXX XXXX wave crest XX wave crest. The second XXXXXX XX the amount XX time the wind blows, or XXXX XXXXXXXX. XXX third XXXXXX is the fetch, XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXXXX the wind blows XXXXXXX a change in direction. In XXX XXXXXX, for instance, XXX fetch XX XXXXXXX by XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX of XXX mainland and the XXXX XX XXXXX XXX XX rarely XXXX XXXX XX XXXXX. XX XXX it can be XXXXXXXXX XX miles.
XX XXXXX enter shallow XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX decreases, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX increases. Waves therefore XXXX XX XXXXX in XXXXXXX water, XXX XXXXXXX over a XXX at the XXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXX. If the XXXX XXXXXXXXX is XXXXXXX the wind, XXXX XXXX XXXX increase XXXX height and decrease wavelength. XXXXXXX estuaries XXX XXXXXXXX such XX Salcombe, XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXX experience large waves in an strong onshore wind, XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX a Spring ebb tide, and XXXX be XXXXXXX in XXXX winds.
XX in XXXXX, XXXX height is XXXXXXXX XX:
XXXX speedXXXX durationFetch – XXXXXXXX XX wind travel XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX / XXXXXXXXX XX sea bedXXXXXXXXX XXX speed XX tide
16. XXXX XXXXX is determined by XXXX XXXXX, wavelength, and XXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX to gravity.
17. XXX XXXX XXXXXX XX one of XXX most XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX energy sources XXX it XXX many XXXXXXXXX. But along XXXX XXXXXXXXXX there are some problems XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX it.
The XXXXXXX environmental problem XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX power installation is its effect XX marine XXXXXXXXX. XX XXXXXXX hazards XXX creatures near it. Large XXXXXXXX XXXX XX XX put near XXX in XXX water XX XXXXXX energy XXXX XXX XXXXX. XXXXX XXXXXXXX disturb the seafloor, XXXXXX XXX habitat XX XXXX-shore creatures (XXXX crabs XXX starfish) and XXXXXX noise that disturbs XXX XXX life around XXXX. XXXXX is XXXX a XXXXXX of toxic chemicals that XXX XXXX on XXXX energy XXXXXXXXX spilling and polluting the XXXXX near them.
The XXXXX – economic problem related XXXX wave power XXXXXXXXXXXX XX that it XXXX the costly XXXXXXXX which are not easy XX install XXXXXXXXXX.
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