Introduction
Bipolar disorder previously called manic depression, or manic-depressive illness is a mental health disorder that is characterized with unusual shifts in -mood, energy, and levels of activity. Patient of this disease suffer from lack of concentration which can in turns affects their daily activities. There are three common types of bipolar disorder; although all have common characteristics among them changes in mood, low activity levels and body energy. Moods swings are common with patients experiencing unbalanced energized behavior, elated and XXXXXXXXX change XX behavior. Patients XXX feel XXX, indifferent, XXXXXXXXXXXX. Patients can also XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX which can proceed XX hypomanic XXXX can XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX characteristics XXX also XX caused by use of XXXXXXX medication, drugs or alcohol XXX conditions XXXX XXXXXX, and multiple XXXXXXXXX.
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On a survey done in11 XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXX that the XXXXXXX lifetime XXXXXXXXXX XX bipolar XXX bipolar XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX X.4%, with a XXXXXXXXXX XX 0.6% XXX XXXXXXX XXXX I and 0.4% XXX XXXXXXX type II (García-Jiménez, XX XX, XXXX). XX one of XXX epidemiological XXXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX Adult Psychiatric XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX 2014, was XXXXX a XXXXXXXX prevalence XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX was 2%. A meta-XXXXXXXX XX XX studies, XXXX XXX been XXXXXXXXX recently -XXXXX a pooled lifetime prevalence XX X.XX% and 1.XX% XXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX I and XX, XXXXXXXXXXXX; it XXXXXX be XXXXXXXXX that XXX majority XX the XXXXXXXX studies were from XXXXX or South America. A XXXXXXX prevalence has XXXX XXXXX in the UK, Germany, and XXXXX. And what is the reason for international XXXXXXXXXX in the prevalence XX XXXXXXX? XX XX XXX entirely XXXXX, but it is XXXXXXX that -ethnicity, XXXXXXXX factors, XXX variations in XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX and study XXXXXXXXXXX may each have an XXXXXX (Koirala,et al, 2019). Several studies report XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX in bipolar, XXXXXXXXX sex. With XXXXXXX XX age, it appears XX be XXXX the mean age of onset for bipolar is in the XXXXX XXXXXXXX, even XX findings vary between 20–XX years.
Etiology XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX are named in XXX following. Even if a specific genetic XXXX to XXXXXXX disorder XXX not XXXX precisely determined, XXXXXXXX shows XXXX XXXXXXX disorder tends XX XXX in XXXXXXXX, and is -heritable. Patients may inherit a XXXXXXXX to develop the XXXXXXX, and this may XX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XX environment, for XXXXXXX –by some XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX event (XXXXX, et al, XXXX). Development XX the XXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, XXX chemicals XXXXX XXX as XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX nerve cells (also known XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX), XX also XXXXXXX to play a XXXX in XXX development of XXX bipolar XXXXXXXX. To XXXXXXX bipolar disorder -XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX, XXX catecholamine XXXXXXXXXX XXX been used; the hypothesis XXXXXXX that mania XX due XX XXXXXX, and depression is due XX a depletion XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Numerous serotonin hypotheses XXXX XXXX proposed (Guthrie, XXXX). There XX one XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX as the permissive hypothesis’’ of serotonin XXXXXXXX, which XXXXXX XXXX low XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX an impact on XXXX -XXXXX XXX depressive states through defective dampening XX other neurotransmitters (XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX dopamine).
Diagnosis
XX is often difficult XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX to XX XXXXXXXXXX and diagnosed. XXXX might be caused XX XXX fact that XXXX XXXXXXXX may feel XXXX to a XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXX XXXX XX denial XX the problem. Bipolar disorder XX difficult XX XXXXXXXX, also XXXXXXX XXX symptoms XXX XXXXXX to be XXXX of another illness, or attributed to XXXXX problems XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX abuse, poor school XXXXXXXXXXX, or trouble in the XXXXXXXXX. Symptoms XX XXXXXXX disorder XXX divided XXXX two categories: mania and depression (Sportiche,et XX, 2017). XXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXX XX mania, XXXXX XXX XXXX up to XXXXX months, if XXXXXXXXX, include excessive XXXXXX, activity, restlessness, ’’racing XXXXXXXX’’ XXX rapid talking (XXXX XXXXXX ’’XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX’’). X XXXXXX XXX feel XXXXXXX high or XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX –’’ on the top of XXX world’’, and XXXX XXX news or tragic events, XXX't XXXXXX this. XXX XXX also be XXXXXX irritated or distracted. XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXX XXXXX – it XX usually XXXXXXXXX in XXXX XXXXX, so the XXXXXXXXXX may XX XXXX with XXXXXX or XX sleep XX XXX, XXXXXXX feeling tired. A XXXXXX XXX XXXX unrealistic beliefs in its ability XXX XXXXXX – self-XXXXXXXXXX might become exaggerated, XXX XXXXXXXX might become unwarranted; a person XXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX can stop XX from XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX, XXXXX may lead to over ambitious work XXXXX (Harrison XX al, 2018). A characteristic of XXXXX XX also poor judgment; this XXXXX that person XXX XXXX very poor decisions, XXXXX may XXXX to XXXXXXXXX kinds XX XXXXXXXXX XXX consequences. Sex XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX unusual in XXXX XXXXX, XXX it is noticed XXXX XXX XXXXXX also XXX an elevated XXXX for XXXX abuse (particularly XXXXXXX, alcohol, or XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX).
XXX XXXXXXXXXX, an episode XX depression can XXXX XXXXXX a XXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, or normal XXXXXX of mood; or -after XXXX. XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX feelings XX persistent XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, or XXXXXXXXX. Changes in sleep might include -XXXXXXX too XXXX or XXX little sleep, or waking in XXX middle-XX-XXX-XXXXX, -or XXXXXXXXX XXXXX in the morning. The XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of appetite XX that he becomes XXXXXXX, and XXXXXX loss might XXXXX; on XXX other hand, XXXXXXXX might become increased, which XX usually XXXXXXXX XX a gain XX weight. XXX may XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX in concentrating, XXXXXXXXXXX, or making decisions. This may XXXXXX a XXXXXX's XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX XXXX, school, or XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. A person XXXXX feel XXXXXXX fatigue or XXXX XX energy (XXXXX et al, XXXX). Sometimes XXXXXXXX symptoms -XXXX chronic pain or XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX (XXXXX XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX) (XXXXX are XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX treatment) XXXXX. One may feel XXXXXX, hopeless, or worthless; XXXXX feelings XXX usually XXXXXXXXXXX by the XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX or suicide, including suicide attempts.
XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX disorder may be time-consuming; XXX XX the XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX and when treated XXXXXXXX, it may help XXXXXX (with XXXXXXX disorder) lead healthy and XXXXXX XXXXX. XX determine XX a patient XXX bipolar XXXXXXXX, a XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX may include a XXXXXXXX exam, psychiatric assessment, XXXX XXXXXXXX, and criteria for XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. X doctor may do a XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX lab XXXXX XX identify XXX medical XXXXXXXX XXXX could be XXXXXXX a patient’s XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX assessment, the doctor XXX refer XXX XXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX whom the patient will talk about thoughts, feelings, XXX XXXXXXXX patterns. A patient may also fill out a XXXXXXXXXXXXX self-assessment or questionnaire. XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXX, members of the XXXXXX or XXXXX friends XXX XX XXXXX XX provide information XXXXX XXX symptoms. XX XXXX charting, XXX patient XXX be XXXXX XX XXXX a XXXXXX (XX XXXXX basis) of XXXXX, XXXXX patterns, or XXXX XXXXX factors XXXXX could XXXX with XXX diagnosis of a XXXXXXXX, XXX also XXXXXXXX XXX right treatment. Criteria XXX bipolar disorder, the psychiatrist may XXXXXXX the patient’s XXXXXXXX XXXX the XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX and XXXXXXX disorders in XXX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX of XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX (XXX-5), published by XXX American Psychiatric XXXXXXXXXXX.
Management
XXX Practice Guideline XXX the Treatment XX Patients XXXX XXXXXXX Disorder XXX been XXXXXXXXX by APA -The American Psychiatric Association. There are principles XX psychiatric management XXXXXXXX in the XXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXX principle XX establishing and XXXXXXXXXXX a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, as XXXX is XXXXXXXXXXX for managing severe episodes and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX(Tokumitsu et XX, XXXX). The second principle is XXXXXXXXXX the patient's psychiatric status, this is mandatory for XXXXX detection XX XXXXXXXXXX. XXXXX that XX XXXXXXXXX education regarding bipolar disorder. By XXXXXXXX out XXXXXXXXXX XX an XXXXXXX process, XXX XXX of XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX the XXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX peers is XXXXXXXXXX XXX the patient. XXXX than XXXX, enhance XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX is the supervision XX ambivalences XXXXX treatment and XXX XXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX defense of XXXXXX(Mason XX XX, XXXX). The fifth XXXXXXXXX is promoting XXXXXXX patterns XX XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX, as XXXXX factors affect XXX XXXX. XXX XXXXXXXXX X, XXXXXXXXX awareness XX and XXXXXXXXXX to XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX discusses the cascade XXXXXX of the XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX psychosocial XXXXXXX. The XXXX is XXXXXXXXXXX new XXXXXXXX early, this upgrades XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. The last 3 principles XXXXXXX decreasing all morbidity and XXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX disorder. Early XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXX are crucial; Promoting acceptance of the diagnosis, which XX reducing stigmatization, XXXXXXX a XXX of “XXXXXXX” through medication, promote XXXXXXXXX XX substances; XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX wellbeing, which can XXXXXXXXXX XXXX-XXXXXX, resolve interpersonal XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXX vocation.
XXXXXXX history
XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX the natural course of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX is a XXXX XXXX XX relapse and recurrence XX rates XX 80 to XX XXXXXXX. XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX episodes often XXXX behind XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX(Tokumitsu XX XX, XXXX). The cumulative possibility of XXXXXXXXXX throughout XXX XXXXX XXXX of XXXXXX-XX XXX above 50 percent, by the XXX XX the four years XXX XXXXX XX percent, and by XXXX years XXX XXXXXX 90 percent.
XXXXXXXXX
Proper treatment can XXXX people XXXX XXXXXXX disorder XXXX XXXXXXX and active XXXXX, XXXX XXXX XXXX the XXXX XXXXXX forms of bipolar XXXXXXXX. XX effective treatment plan XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX a combination XX XXXXXXXXXX and psychotherapy. XX XX a XXXXXXXX illness, XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX help people manage these XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX sometimes are XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XX best medication XX XXXXX. Medications XXXX for treating bipolar disorder XXXXXXX mood XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX-generation (“XXXXXXXX”) antipsychotics, and also XXXXX XXXX are being prescribed XXXXXXX for treating XXXXXXXX problems and XXXXXXX (Tokumitsu XX al, XXXX). XXXXXX stopping of XXXXX medications, XXXXXXX counseling with a doctor should be avoided, because of XXXXXXX syndrome or XXXXXXXXX symptoms. Psychotherapy can be an effective XXXX of XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX; it includes different techniques that may support XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, in XXXX way helping XXXX XX identify XXX XXXXXX troubling thoughts, emotions, XXX behaviors. Other XXXXXXXXXX found XXXXXXX are XXXXX in XXX XXXXXXXXX. Electroconvulsive XXXXXXX (ECT). XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX stimulation (XXX). Supplements.
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XXXXXXX disorder is a complex XXXXXXXX illness, with several factors likely to XXXX XXXX in its development. It often may XX difficult XX recognize and XXXXXXXX. It might be time-consuming, but XXX proper diagnosis and treatment can XXXX patients XXXX XXXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXX. For understanding and XXXXXXXX the patient, a therapeutic alliance is XXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX for treating XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX should XX XXXX by XXX advice XX a XXXXXX and should XX XXXXXXX XX stop using XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX of the following consequences. XXXXXXX the decades XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX questions XXXXX bipolar disorder remain to XX XXXXXXX an answer; on the other XXXX, many of them XXXXXX XX revolutionize the approach XX the XXXXXXXXX, and in this way provide a better quality XX life XXX XXXXXXXX.
Reference
XXXXXX-Jiménez, X., XXXXXXXXX-Rojas, X., Jiménez-XXXXXXXXX, S., González-XXXXXXXX, P. X., XXXXXXXXX, M. D., &XXX; XXXXXXXX, M. (2020). Features associated with XXXXXXXXXX predominant polarity and XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX in patients XXXX bipolar XXXXXXXX. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1224.
Guthrie, X. (XXXX). Bipolar XXXXXXXX.
Harrison, P. J., Geddes, J. R., & Tunbridge, E. M. (XXXX). XXX emerging neurobiology XX bipolar disorder. Trends in XXXXXXXXXXXXX, 41(X), 18-XX.
Koirala, X., Hu, X., XXXXXXX, M., Li, M., DiVita, A. X., Bryant, X. X., ... & XXXXX, X. (2019). XXX-XXXXXXXXX bipolar XXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX XXXXX subjects with major depression: XXXXXXXX characteristics and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX treatment XXXXXXXX. Journal of psychiatric XXXXXXXX, 110, X-8.
XXXXX, B. L., XXXXX, E. S., & XXXXXXXX, X. E. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXXX underpinnings of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX diagnostic XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, 6(X), XX.
XXXXXXXXX, S., XXXXXXXX, X. A., Brichant-XXXXXXXXX, X., XXXX, S., Khan, J. X., XXXXXX, X. M., ... &XXX; Bellivier, X. (2017). Clinical XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX lithium XXXXXXXX in bipolar disorders. XXXXXXXXXX &XXX; XXX Zealand XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX, 51(5), XXX-XXX.
XXXXXXXXX, X., XXXXX-XXXXXXXX, N., Adachi, N., Kubota, X., XXXXXXXX, Y., Miki, X., ... & Goto, X. (2020). XXXX-XXXXX clinical XXXXXXXX XX and antidepressant XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX with bipolar disorder. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-11.
XXXXX, E., Berk, M., Schulze, T. X., XXXXXXXX, A. F., Suppes, T., Calabrese, X. R., ... & Grande, I. (XXXX). Bipolar XXXXXXXXX. Nature reviews Disease primers, X(X), 1-XX.
Zangani, C., XXXXXXX, C., XXXXXXXX, A. S., XXXXXX, X., XXXXXXXX, X., &XXX; X’XXXXXXXX, X. (XXXX). XXXXX abnormalities across XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX stages XX Bipolar XXXXXXXX: A review XX XXX studies. XXXXXXXXXXXX & XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX.