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QUESTION 1:</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Detail the components of state bureaucracy and the issues surrounding representativeness and responsiveness.</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Your response should be at least 200 words in length.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">State bureaucracies are defined as a former hierarchy of government in the state comprising leaders, managers, executives and clerical staff. State bureaucracies typically come with a set hierarchy, policies and guidelines which members of the bureaucracy have to adhere to, as well as defined responsibilities for managing difference aspects of government, such as financing, education and regulation. Bureaucracies are also typically governed by formal rules and are comprised of multiple specialised departments, each of which takes charge of a specific domain of policy, such as the treasury, justice, agriculture, commerce, labor, energy, education, transportation, housing and urban development, and defence sectors. There are several issues linked to state bureaucracies, such as inefficiency, unrepresentativeness and poor responsiveness. Foremost, state bureaucracies are well known for being inefficient and poor in responding to the needs of their constituents. Frequently, state bureaucracies may be divorced from the needs and concerns of their constituents on the ground, and may not be able to accurately translate constituent concerns into practical policy actions. Secondly, state bureaucracies are often criticised for being poor in representation. State bureaucracies are frequently considered poor performers when it comes to diverse representation in terms of gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation. (Thielemann and Stewart, 1996) This is problematic, XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXX is typically tasked with XXXXXXXXXXXX policies that are meant to safeguard the XXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXX range XX social segments. XXXXXXX, a XXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXX bureaucracy XXX XXXX to XX so. In addition, the XXXXX bureaucracy is often XXXX as a functional XXXXX XXXXX does not XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX or XXXXX constituent needs. XXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX agencies XXXX been accused XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX in order XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX own mandates, XXXXXXXXX and funding. (XXXXXX, XXXX) Clearly, XXXXX bureaucracies XXXXXXXX XX be XXXXXXXXXXX, and more needs to XX XXXX to XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX to XX more XXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXX</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXX, S. (2013). XXXX XXXXXX matter? XXX effect XX XXXXXX representation of public XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXX performance.<em>XXX XXXXXXXX Review of XXXXXX Administration</em>,<em>43</em>(X), 221-242.</span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">Selden, S. C. (XXXX).<em>XXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX in a XXXXXXXXXX agency</em>. Routledge.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXX, G. S., & Stewart XX, J. (XXXX). X XXXXXX-XXXX perspective XX the XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX: XXXX, XXXXXXXXX, gender, and sexual XXXXXXXXXXX.<em>Public XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Review</em>, 168-XXX.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX 2:</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Explain in XXXX ways XXXXXX XXXXXX, privatize, and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX that XXX occur XX a XXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXX in metropolitan areas.</span></p> <p><span class="XX">Your XXXXXXXX should XX XX XXXXX XXX XXXXX in XXXXXX.</span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">States XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX and reinvent government in a XXXXXX of ways, and this XXX create a host XX XXXXXXXXXX problems as a result XX XXXXX XXXXXXX in metropolitan XXXXX. </span><span class="s1">Foremost, technologies XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX intelligence, surveillance cameras XXX chatbots have XXXXXXX states to XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX collecting XXXX on XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXX such XXXX XX deliver more XXXXXXXXXX and on-XXXXXX forms XX government XXXXXXXX XX their constituents.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"> </span>(McNutt et XX, 2018) XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX have XXXX XXXXX governments the tools to start XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX labs in order to create more XXXXXXXXX and effective ways XX engage the general XXXXXX. Secondly, governments have XXXXXXXXXXXX privatised XXXXXX services XXXX XX prisons, XXXXXXXXXX XXX education XX private XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX as companies. XXX example, charter XXXXXXX XXXX XXXX a XXX XXXX of XXXXXXXXXX state XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, while XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX prison services and XXXXXXXX to private companies has XXX XX XXX rise XX XXX so-XXXXXX 'XXXXXX industrial complex', with XXXXX companies XXXXXXXX for an XXXXXXXXX of the XXXXXXX XXXXXX system XX maintain their corporate XXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX have XXXXXX XX reform the system by cleaning XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX laws, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX ensuring XXXX representatives XXXX accountable to their XXXXXXXXXXXX.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX had a XXXXXX of XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Foremost, XXX implementation XX XXX technologies such as XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX to a loss XX XXXXXXX for constituents. (Slobogin, XXXX) Secondly, XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX public XXXXXXXX XXXX as XXXXXXXXXX and education XXX led XX lower XXXXXX segments of the XXXXXXXXXX being XXXXXX out of affording XXXX essential services. (Madumo XXX XXXX, XXXX) For example, Boustan XX XX (2013) XXXXX how rising income inequality was XXXXXXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX schools. (Boustan XX al, XXXX) XXXXXXX, privatisation XX the prisons system XXX XXXX to XXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXXX XXX poor living conditions XXX prisons. Finally, XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX government functions XXX XXXXX XXX democratic rights of citizens, as the corporations in XXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX be XXXX accountable. (Verkuil, XXXX)</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Boustan, X., Ferreira, F., Winkler, H., & XXXX, X. M. (XXXX). XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX on XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX expenditures: XXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX districts, XXXX–XXXX.<em>Review XX Economics and XXXXXXXXXX</em>,<em>XX</em>(X), 1291-XXXX.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">David, N., XXXXXX, J. X., & XXXXXXX, J. X. (XXXX). Smart cities, XXXXXXXXXXXX, civic XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX government. XX<em>XXXXX Technologies XXX Smart XXXXXXXXXXX</em>(pp. XX-XX). XXXXXXXX, Cham.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Madumo, O. S., & Koma, S. B. (XXXX). Local XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXX: XXX Quest for XXXXXX XXX Repositioning XX Municipal XXXXXXXXXXXXXX.<em>XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXX Economics</em>,<em>8</em>, 581-590.</span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX, X. (XXXX). Public privacy: XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX places and XXX right XX XXXXXXXXX.<em>XXXX. lJ</em>,<em>XX</em>, 213.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXX, X. H. (XXXX). Reinventing XXX XXXXXXXXXXX local government. XX<em>XXXXXXXXXX and Change in Public XXXXXX Organizations</em>(pp. XX-XX). Routledge.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Verkuil, P. R. (XXXX).<em>XXXXXXXXXXX sovereignty: XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX we XXX XX about it</em>. Cambridge University XXXXX.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">QUESTION 3:</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXX the major XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXX how XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX their leadership role XXX legislative relationship.</span></p> <p><span class="XX">XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX at least 300 words in XXXXXX.</span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX, XXX are appointed public leaders in charge of towns, XXXXXXX and cities, typically XXXX a XXXXX and pivotal XXXX in XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX initiatives XXX guiding XXX legislature to implement XXXXX XXXX which XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Foremost, governors are XXXXXXXXX involved in XXXXXXX or XXXXXXX bills passed XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXX XXXX up the role of the commander-in-chief of XXXXX XXXXX’s military. (XXXXXXXX, XXXX) These are XXXXXXXXXXXXXX duties XXXX most governors XXXXX XXXX to XXXXXXX.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX" <XXX="" <="" span="">>span class="s1"&XX;XXXXXXXX often plays a pivotal role in XXXXXXX the legislative direction for XXX XXXXX senate XXX House XX Representatives in areas such XX health care, education, and law XXXXXXXXXXX. (XXXXXXXX and XXXX, 2002) XXXXXXXXXXX , the governor has a XXXX vote which XXX XX XXXX to correct or stop the XXXXX of certain XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX if XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXX XXX XXX in the XXXXXXXX XX the state. XXXX allows XXX XXXXXXXX XX play a XXXXXXXXX range of XXXXX in XXX legislative XXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">XXXX XXXXXXXXX have served XX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX such as state senators, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX representatives XX push through significant XXXXXXXXXXX reform, while XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX known for XXXXXXX specific factional interests and XXXXXXXXXXX their needs above others. XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX governors such as Arnold XXXXXXXXXXXXXX could also be very XXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXX public support XXX XXXXXXXX policy initiatives, as XXXX XXXX seen XX public leaders who were able XX XXX widespread support in order XX push XXXXXXX important XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX">(XXXXXXXX and XXXXX, XXXX)</span></span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Governors XXX XXXX be XXXXXXXX to set XXX broad XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXX mediate XXXXXXX several XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX to XXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXXX consensus. XXXXXXX, governors have XXX power to build coalitions and persuade lawmakers XXX constituents of XXX necessity of a XXXXXXX legislative XXXXXXXXXX, given that the governor XX XXXXXXX XXXX a high public XXXXXX that XXX be used to XXXXX XXXXXX in public.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">In XXXXXXXXXX, governors XXXX a decisive role in XXXXXXX the legislative XXXXXXX, and their XXXXXXXXXXXXX can XX a XXXXX determinant of the XXXXXXX of a XXXXXXXXXXX initiative.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">References</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Ferguson, M. R., & XXXXX, X. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXXXXXX arena: The XXXXXXXXXX XX personality in shaping XXXXXXX.<em>Political XXXXXXXXXX</em>,<em>23</em>(4), XXX-XXX.</span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX, M. R. (2003). Chief XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX in the XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX.<em>State XXXXXXXX & Policy XXXXXXXXX</em>,<em>X</em>(X), XXX-182.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Jong, W., XXXXXXX, X. L., & XXX der XXXXXX, P. X. (2016). XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX during crises: a systematic review XX XXXXX and effectiveness.<em>XXXXXXX XX Contingencies XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX</em>,<em>24</em>(X), 46-58.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">XXXXXX, J. R. (XXXX). The impact of divided XXXXXXXXXX XX legislative production.<em>XXXXXX XXXXXX</em>,<em>XXX</em>(1-2), 217-233.</span></p>">
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//ABISOURCE//DTD XHTML plus AWML 2.2//EN" "http://www.abisource.com/2004/xhtml-awml/xhtml-awml.mod"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:awml="http://www.abisource.com/2004/xhtml-awml/"> <head> </head> <body> <div> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333">QUESTION 1:</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333">Detail the components of state bureaucracy and the issues surrounding representativeness and responsiveness.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333">Your response should be at least 200 words in length.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333">State bureaucracies are defined as a former hierarchy of government in the state comprising leaders, managers, executives and clerical staff. State bureaucracies typically come with a set hierarchy, policies and guidelines which members of the bureaucracy have to adhere to, as well as defined responsibilities for managing difference aspects of government, such as financing, education and regulation. Bureaucracies are also typically governed by formal rules and are comprised of multiple specialised departments, each of which takes charge of a specific domain of policy, such as the treasury, justice, agriculture, commerce, labor, energy, education, transportation, housing and urban development, and defence sectors. There are several issues linked to state bureaucracies, such as inefficiency, unrepresentativeness and poor responsiveness. Foremost, state bureaucracies are well known for being inefficient and poor in responding to the needs of their constituents. Frequently, state bureaucracies may be divorced from the needs and concerns of their constituents on the ground, and may not be able to accurately translate constituent concerns into practical policy actions. Secondly, state bureaucracies are often criticised for being poor in representation. State bureaucracies are frequently considered poor performers when it comes to diverse representation in terms of gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation. (Thielemann and Stewart, 1996) This is problematic, because the bureaucracy is typically tasked with implementing policies that are meant XX safeguard the XXXXXXXXX of a broad XXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, a non-XXXXXXXXXXXXXX bureaucracy XXX XXXX to do so. XX addition, the XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX seen XX a XXXXXXXXXX organ XXXXX does not adequately represent or serve constituent XXXXX. XXX example, XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX have XXXX accused XX being inefficient in order to XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX their own XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX. (Selden, 2015) Clearly, XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX be problematic, and XXXX XXXXX to be XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXX bureaucracies XX be XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX effective.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:justify;margin-XXXXXX:XX.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#333333">XXXXXXXXXX</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:justify;XXXXXX-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;XXXX-family:'Trebuchet XX';color:#XXXXXX">Park, S. (2013). Does XXXXXX XXXXXX? XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXX representation of public XXXXXXXXXXX XX governmental performance.</span><span style="XXXX-style:XXXXXX;XXXX-size:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#333333">XXX XXXXXXXX Review XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#333333">,</span><span style="XXXX-style:XXXXXX;XXXX-XXXX:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">43</span><span style="font-XXXX:12pt;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#333333">(2), 221-242.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:XXXXXXX;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:XXXX;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#XXXXXX">Selden, S. X. (2015).</span><span style="font-style:XXXXXX;font-XXXX:12pt;XXXX-family:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333">XXX promise of representative bureaucracy: Diversity and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX in a XXXXXXXXXX agency</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">. Routledge.</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:XXXXXXX;margin-XXXXXX:12.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XXXXXXXXXX, X. S., & Stewart Jr, X. (1996). A demand-side perspective on the importance of representative bureaucracy: XXXX, XXXXXXXXX, gender, XXX XXXXXX orientation.</span><span style="font-style:italic;XXXX-size:XXXX;XXXX-family:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#333333">XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX</span><span style="XXXX-size:12pt;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333">, XXX-173.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-XXXXX:justify;margin-bottom:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="font-size:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';color:#333333">XXXXXXXX 2:</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:12.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;font-family:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">Explain in XXXX XXXX states reform, privatize, and XXXXXXXX government, XXX describe XXX associated problems XXXX XXX occur as a XXXXXX XX XXXXX changes in XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-XXXXX:justify;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:12.000000pt"> <span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#333333">Your response XXXXXX XX XX XXXXX 200 words in XXXXXX.</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:12.000000pt"> <span style="XXXX-XXXX:12pt;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XXXXXX reform, privatise and reinvent XXXXXXXXXX in a number XX XXXX, XXX this may create a XXXX of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX as a XXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXX in metropolitan areas. XXXXXXXX, technologies XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, surveillance cameras XXX chatbots XXXX XXXXXXX states XX reinvent governance XX collecting XXXX XX their XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX using such XXXX to deliver XXXX customised XXX XX-demand forms of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX to XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX. (XXXXXX XX al, XXXX) These technologies XXXX XXXX given XXXXXXXXXXX XXX tools XX XXXXX XXXXXX innovation XXXX in order to XXXXXX more efficient and XXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXX general XXXXXX. XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX have occasionally privatised public services such XX prisons, XXXXXXXXXX XXX education to private XXXXXXXXXXXX such as companies. XXX example, XXXXXXX XXXXXXX have been a new XXXX of XXXXXXXXXX state funded XXXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXX outsourcing XX XXXXXX services XXX security to private companies XXX XXX to XXX rise XX the so-XXXXXX 'prison XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX', XXXX these XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX for an XXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX prison system to XXXXXXXX their corporate budgets. XXXXXXX, governments have sought to XXXXXX XXX system by XXXXXXXX up campaign finance XXXX, improving diversity in representation, and ensuring that XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX accountable to their XXXXXXXXXXXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="font-XXXX:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet XX';color:#333333">XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX a XXXXXX of negative impacts XX municipalities. Foremost, XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX technologies such XX XXXXXXXXXXXX has XXX to a XXXX XX privacy for constituents. (Slobogin, 2002) Secondly, the XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX certain XXXXXX services XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX has XXX to lower income XXXXXXXX of XXX population XXXXX XXXXXX out of XXXXXXXXX such essential XXXXXXXX. (Madumo and XXXX, 2019) XXX XXXXXXX, Boustan et XX (XXXX) XXXXX how rising XXXXXX inequality was XXXXXXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX with charter XXXXXXX. (XXXXXXX et XX, 2013) Finally, XXXXXXXXXXXXX of the XXXXXXX system XXX XXXX to the XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX and poor living conditions for prisons. XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX of government functions XXX erode the XXXXXXXXXX rights XX XXXXXXXX, as XXX corporations in charge XX XXXXXX services may not be XXXX accountable. (XXXXXXX, 2007)</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;XXXXXX-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-XXXX:12pt;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">Boustan, L., Ferreira, X., Winkler, H., &XXX; XXXX, E. M. (2013). XXX effect of rising XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX taxation XXX XXXXXX expenditures: XXXXXXXX XXXX US XXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX districts, 1970–XXXX.</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX and Statistics</span><span style="font-size:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';color:#XXXXXX">,</span><span style="XXXX-style:italic;XXXX-XXXX:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#333333">XX</span><span style="font-XXXX:12pt;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#XXXXXX">(4), XXXX-XXXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-XXXXX:justify;margin-bottom:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="XXXX-size:XXXX;font-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XXXXX, N., McNutt, X. G., &XXX; XXXXXXX, X. X. (XXXX). Smart cities, XXXXXXXXXXXX, civic XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX government. In</span><span style="font-style:XXXXXX;XXXX-size:XXXX;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#333333">XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX for XXXXX Governments</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:12pt;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX"> (pp. XX-34). XXXXXXXX, XXXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:XXXXXXX;margin-XXXXXX:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-XXXX:12pt;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#333333">Madumo, X. S., &XXX; XXXX, S. X. (2019). XXXXX Government XXXXXX in South Africa: XXX XXXXX for Review XXX Repositioning XX Municipal Administration.</span><span style="XXXX-style:XXXXXX;font-size:12pt;XXXX-family:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">Journal XX XXXXXXX XX Global Economics</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#XXXXXX">,</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#333333">8</span><span style="font-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#333333">, 581-XXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-XXXXX:justify;XXXXXX-bottom:12.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="font-size:12pt;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XXXXXXXX, X. (XXXX). Public privacy: camera XXXXXXXXXXXX XX public places and the right XX XXXXXXXXX.</span><span style="XXXX-style:italic;font-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#XXXXXX">Miss. XX</span><span style="XXXX-size:12pt;font-family:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">,</span><span style="font-style:XXXXXX;font-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">72</span><span style="font-XXXX:12pt;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet XX';color:#XXXXXX">, XXX.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:XXXXXXX;margin-bottom:XX.000000pt"> <span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';color:#XXXXXX">XXXXX, J. X. (XXXX). Reinventing and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. In</span><span style="font-style:XXXXXX;XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-family:'Trebuchet XX';color:#333333">Leadership and Change in Public XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="font-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX"> (XX. 17-XX). XXXXXXXXX.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;margin-XXXXXX:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-family:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#333333">XXXXXXX, X. X. (2007).</span><span style="XXXX-style:XXXXXX;font-size:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#XXXXXX">Outsourcing XXXXXXXXXXX: XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX functions XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX what XX can do XXXXX it</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';color:#XXXXXX">. XXXXXXXXX University Press.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:XXXXXXX;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#333333">XXXXXXXX 3:</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-XXXXX:justify;margin-XXXXXX:XX.000000pt"> <span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">Define XXX XXXXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXXX and how XXXXX power influences XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX legislative relationship.</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:XXXXXXX;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="XXXX-size:12pt;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#333333">Your XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX at XXXXX XXX XXXXX in XXXXXX.</span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="font-XXXX:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';color:#XXXXXX">Governors, who are XXXXXXXXX public XXXXXXX in XXXXXX of XXXXX, XXXXXXX and cities, XXXXXXXXX play a XXXXX and XXXXXXX XXXX in XXXXXXX new XXXXXXXXX initiatives and XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXX XX implement XXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX constituents.</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:XXXXXXX;margin-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">Foremost, governors XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX in XXXXXXX or vetoing XXXXX passed by XXX legislature, and also take up the role XX XXX XXXXXXXXX-in-XXXXX of XXXXX XXXXX’s military. (XXXXXXXX, XXXX) These XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX duties that XXXX governors XXXXX have XX execute.</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:justify;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="font-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#333333">&XX;span class="XX">XXXXXXXX often XXXXX a pivotal role in setting XXX legislative XXXXXXXXX XXX XXX XXXXX senate and House XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX such as XXXXXX XXXX, education, and law enforcement. (Ferguson and XXXX, XXXX) Furthermore , the governor has a XXXX XXXX XXXXX XXX XX used to correct or XXXX the cause of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX initiatives if the governor XXXXX XXXX they are not in the interest of the XXXXX. XXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XX play a potential range of roles in the legislative process.</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:justify;XXXXXX-bottom:XX.000000pt"> <span style="XXXX-size:XXXX;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#333333">XXXX governors XXXX served XX XXXXX several XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX as XXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX and XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX to XXXX through significant XXXXXXXXXXX reform, while XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX known XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX interests XXX XXXXXXXXXXX their needs above others. Furthermore, charismatic governors such as XXXXXX Schwarzenegger could XXXX XX very XXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXX public support for specific policy XXXXXXXXXXX, XX XXXX were seen as XXXXXX leaders XXX were able to win XXXXXXXXXX support in order to XXXX XXXXXXX important XXXXXXXXXXX for XXXXX XXXXX. (XXXXXXXX and Barth, 2002)</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:justify;margin-XXXXXX:12.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="XXXX-size:XXXX;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#XXXXXX">XXXXXXXXX may XXXX be XXXXXXXX to set XXX broad XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, and XXXXXXX XXXXXXX several XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX to XXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. Finally, governors XXXX the XXXXX to XXXXX coalitions and XXXXXXXX lawmakers and XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX necessity of a certain legislative initiative, given XXXX the XXXXXXXX XX charged with a high XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX can XX used to great effect in public.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-XXXXX:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-XXXX:XXXX;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XX XXXXXXXXXX, governors XXXX a decisive XXXX in leading XXX XXXXXXXXXXX process, and XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XX a XXXXX determinant XX XXX success XX a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-bottom:12.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet XX';color:#333333">XXXXXXXXXX</span> </p> <p style="text-align:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-XXXXXX:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="XXXX-size:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#333333">Ferguson, X. R., &XXX; Barth, X. (2002). Governors in XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX: XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX personality in shaping XXXXXXX.</span><span style="font-style:XXXXXX;font-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#XXXXXX">Political XXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="XXXX-size:12pt;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet XX';color:#333333">,</span><span style="XXXX-style:italic;XXXX-size:12pt;font-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XX</span><span style="font-size:XXXX;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">(X), XXX-XXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-bottom:XX.000000pt"> <span style="font-XXXX:12pt;XXXX-family:'Trebuchet XX';color:#333333">XXXXXXXX, X. X. (2003). Chief executive XXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX.</span><span style="font-style:XXXXXX;XXXX-size:12pt;font-family:'XXXXXXXXX XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">State XXXXXXXX & Policy Quarterly</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:12pt;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">,</span><span style="XXXX-style:italic;XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet XX';color:#XXXXXX">X</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;font-XXXXXX:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">(2), XXX-XXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-XXXXX:XXXXXXX;XXXXXX-bottom:XX.XXXXXXXX"> <span style="font-size:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XXXX, X., Dückers, M. X., &XXX; XXX der XXXXXX, P. X. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX: a systematic review on tasks XXX effectiveness.</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:XXXX;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#333333">Journal of XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX Crisis XXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="XXXX-size:XXXX;font-family:'Trebuchet XX';color:#XXXXXX">,</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#XXXXXX">XX</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;XXXX-XXXXXX:'XXXXXXXXX MS';XXXXX:#333333">(1), XX-58.</span> </p> <p style="text-XXXXX:XXXXXXX;margin-XXXXXX:XX.000000pt"> <span style="font-size:12pt;XXXX-family:'XXXXXXXXX MS';color:#333333">Rogers, X. R. (XXXX). XXX XXXXXX of divided government XX legislative production.</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Trebuchet XX';XXXXX:#XXXXXX">XXXXXX Choice</span><span style="font-size:XXXX;font-family:'Trebuchet XX';color:#XXXXXX">,</span><span style="XXXX-style:italic;XXXX-size:12pt;font-family:'XXXXXXXXX XX';color:#333333">XXX</span><span style="XXXX-XXXX:XXXX;font-family:'Trebuchet MS';color:#XXXXXX">(1-X), XXX-XXX.</span> </p> <p style="XXXX-align:justify"> </p> </div> </body></XXXX>">
