The development of African American literal voice throughout the history
Although African American lived harsh history from their coming to the American continent to the second part of the twentieth century, they have been developing their literal heritage intensively. Most of them were deprived from their basic human rights, forced to live like people separated from the rest of the world and forced to work hard. Those people who had lived in Africa before, were deeply unsatisfied and didn’t want to live like that. Some of them were trying to escape back to Africa, some of them were trying to escape to Canada, but much more of them stayed on the territory of the today’s US living and working harsh life. Men were suffering, working hard for big business and their women were suffering, working hard to make living conditions for their children. A great number of them were servants to white families, both men and women. Most of those people were located in the Southern part of the today’s US. Especially, a great number of them lived in Texas, Arizona, Virginia, etc. This tragic history of people, who were brought from Africa by English traders, was the history the people who was brought to Latin America and the people who lived in Africa under colonial forces. These harsh conditions made those people to fight for their rights. There were a lots of tragedies during that history which were connected to this fight for their rights. On the other hand, those people, who were fighting for their rights, were fighting in order to become equally treated people in the US with all the other citizens. One way of such resist was developing their own literature by their writers. Those writers were focused mostly on the harsh history which their people suffered. The African American literal history can be divided in several different parts: The colonial period (1746-1800), antebellum period (1800-1865), the reconstruction period (1865-1900), the protest movement (1960-1969) and contemporary period (1969-present). There were a lots of talented writers throughout this history, and some of those names areMaya Angelou,James Baldwin,Amiri Baraka, Octavia Butler, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ralph Ellison, Alex Haley, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Richard Wright, etc.
The first period in African American literal history is called “The colonial period”. That period lasted from about 1746 to about 1800. In this earliest period of African American literature, the writers sought the way to demonstrate that the all men are created equal. They wanted the same human rights for black people as for the white one in the Declaration of Independence. There were several writers who struggled against the slavery in that period. Those writers were Phillis Whitley (1753-1784), Jupiter Hammon (1711-1806),Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797), etc. On the one hand, Phillis Whitley used the Christian gospel to prove that all the people are equal. If all the people, according to the Gospel, are equal and if all of them are brothers, it has to be in everyday life. She was born in Africa, and taken to Boston to be a servant. In her first and only book of verse,Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, she claimed that the black people are not inferior to the white people.Jupiter Hammon demanded the literary recognition of African American writers, although he mostly promoted the Christian conversion.Olaudah Equiano who published autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano; or, Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself, was against the slavery. He and Whitley are considered as the founders of African literature in English. They, who were slaves, were among the first pioneers of the slave narrative. This first part of this period is characterized by the tragedy of the people who was brought to Africa. Those people were lost among their homeland in Africa and the new world. They were struck by diseases and harsh conditions of living; thereby there were so many deaths among those people. The slavery is one of the most important reasons why they started to think of American independence from the Great Britain. All those named writers were for American independence from the British. In the American revolutionary War (1775-1781). The African American were mostly on the side of the Americans in their fight for independence from the British.
The next period in African American literature was the antebellum period which lasted from about 1800 to about 1865. Unlike the previous period, the beginning of the new one brought the urgency that whites should be told that the slavery is a sin. A lot of writers continued the work against the slavery, likeDavid Walker (1796-1830), XXXXX W. XXXXXXX (1803-XXXX), Jarena XXX (XXXX-1850),Frederick XXXXXXXX (1818-XXXX),Harriet Jacobs (1813-XXXX),William XXXXX Brown (XXXX-XXXX), etc. XX XXXX 1827, the first African XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX’s XXXXXXX was founded XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX by African XXXXXXXX. It XXXXX up in XXXX. In 1829, XXXXX XXXXXX publishedFour Articles; XXXXXXXX with a XXXXXXXX, XX XXX Coloured Citizens of the XXXXX , XXXXX he XXXXXX white XXXXXXX XX XXXXXX violence XXX the XXXXXXX. Maria X. XXXXXXX, the XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX woman politician XXX fought XXX XXX rights of XXX XXXXX woman in the North XXX for XXXXX community building, XXXXXXProductions XX Mrs. XXXXX W. Stewart in 1835. XXXX XXXX XX the XXX of the slavery XXX,XXX fugitive XXXXX narrative XXXXXXXXX XXX African XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXMy XXXXXXX XXX XX XXXXXXX, issued XXFrederick XXXXXXXX in 1855, XXX Incidents in the Life XX a Slave Girl, issued byXXXXXXX XXXXXX in 1861, represent XXX harshness of a XXXXXXX XXXX. XXX first African XXXXXXXX XXXXX, XXXXXX; or, The XXXXXXXXX’s Daughter, XXX XXXXXX byWilliam XXXXX XXXXX in XXXX.Frances XXXXX XXXXXXX Harper issued XXX XXXXX African XXXXXXXX woman’s XXXXXXX, The Two XXXXXX, in XXXX. It is XXXX important to XX emphasized thatHannah XXXX XXX James X. XXXXXXXXX were XXXXXXX who XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX the XXXXX African XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.
After XXXX XXXXXX, XXXXX the period XXXXX as XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX period which XXXXXX from XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX 1900. XXXX new XXX was marked XX XXX XXXXXXXX civil XXX (1861-XXXX) XXXX 180,000 XXXXXXX Americans XXXXXX the XXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXX in the wining XX XXX war. XXXX historical event XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX the XXXXXXX Americans XX fight for their XXXXXXX and after the war XX start XX feel it. That XXXXX period XX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX it XXXXXX XXXX XXXX XX XXXX. The policy XX the XXXXX was XXXX there XX XX need for slavery when XXX XXXXXXX can XXXXXXX in a XXXX of XXXXXX different XXXX, but XXX policy XX the XXXXX XXX that XXX slavery brings a great profit. Therefore the XXXXXXX wasn’t XXXXXXXXX in the XXXXX XXX the Reconstruction failed in the XXXXX. Feeling free in the North, African XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX their XXXXXXXXXX in much XXXXXXX extent, XXX in XXX South XXX XXXXX for the XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XX XXXX XXXXXX, there are much more writers than in XXX XXXXXXXX XXX. XXX most XXXXXX of XXXX areElizabeth XXXXXXX (1818-1907),William Wells Brown (1814-1884),XXXXXXXXX Douglass (1818-XXXX),Anna XXXXX XXXXXX (XXXX-1964), Albery Allson XXXXXXX (1851-XXXX),Paul XXXXXXXX Dunbar (1872-XXXX), Sutton X. Griggs (XXXX-1933), XXXXXXX X. Chesnutt (1858-1932),W.X.X. Du XXXX (1868-XXXX),XXXXXX X. XXXXXXXXXX (XXXX-1915), XXX.XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX XXX Abraham Lincoln’s wife, issued her autobiography,XXXXXX XXX XXXXXX; or, Thirty XXXXX a XXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXX in XXX White House, in 1868. She also XXXXX a XXXX XX poemsXXXXXXXX of Southern XXXX (1872). These, the XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX, XXXXXX byXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX in 1880, and the autobiographyLife XXX XXXXX of Frederick Douglass, issued byXXXXXXXXX Douglass inXXXX, represent XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX in the XXXX of the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. After the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX fail in XXX XXXXX, African American XXXXXXX tried to XXXXX racial justice with indifferent XXXXXX.Anna XXXXX Cooper, XXX promoted the education of XXXXX XXXXX, XXXXXX her XXXXA Voice XXXX the South, in 1892. XXX significant XXXX XX XXXX the African XXXXXXXX poetry developed in XXX directions. XXX of XXXX XXX the XXXXXXXXXXX XXX, XXX one of XXXXX representatives wasXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX wroteNot a XXX, XXX XXX a XXX(XXXX) XXXXXX Rape XX XXXXXXX (XXXX). XXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX the other XXXXXXXXX XX XXX development XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Dunbar, XXX first well known African American writer who XXXXX poetry in XXXXX dialect, although he XXXXX plenty XX XXXXX in XXX XXXXXXXX form. XX wrote XXXXXX, such XXWe XXXX XXX XXXX,XXXXXXXX, andXXX XXXXXXX Oak, and fiction, including novels, XXXX asThe XXXXX of the Gods, issued in XXXX. His XXX was mostly on XXXXXXXXXXXX his audience. XX the XXXXX XXXX, writers XXXXXXX E. X.Harper (XXXX-XXXX), XXXXXX X. Griggs (XXXX-XXXX), and Charles X. Chesnutt, considered XXX XXXXXX XX the the African XXXXXXXXX and fought XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX and racism. Their XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX; or, XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXX by Harper in 1892, XXXXXX Marrow XX Tradition, issued XXXXXXXXXX in XXXX, represent their views on the XXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX that time. At the XXX of this XXXXXX, two African American XXXXXXX wrote two books XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX segregation regimes in XXX South.XXXXXX X. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXUp XXXX XXXXXXX in XXXX, which promoted that every man including African XXXXXXXX XXX succeed in XXXXX XXXX XXXX XX XXXX live in XXXXX conditions.X.E.X. Du Bois’The XXXXX of XXXXX Folk (XXXX) was very XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXX African American literature XXXXXXX. XX this XXXX the author XXXXXXXX XXXX “XXXX, culture XXX XXXXXXX” can XX melded into XXX XXXXX XXXX XXX contribute XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX in the US.
During XXX first two XXXXXXX, XXXXX were lots XX XXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXX XX writers were expressed XXXXXXX two XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Magazine XXXAfrican American. XXXXXXX XX World War I XXX key intellectuals XXX artists XXXXX to Harlem where XXXXXX the 1920s happened XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXX American XXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXX famous XXXXXXX XXXXClaude XXXXX ( 1889-1948), Langston Hughes (1902-XXXX), XXXXXXX XXXXXX (XXXX-XXXXX), and James XXXXXX Jonson (XXXX-XXXX).Claude XXXXX XXX famous for XXX books of poems,If XX Must Die (XXXX), XXX,XXXXXX XXXXXXX(1922). XXXXXXXX Hughes was XXXXXX for his XXXX and blues poetry inThe Weary XXXXX(XXXX) andFine XXXXXXX to the XXX(1927). XXXXXX wroteXXXXXXXX(XXXX) XXX Jonson followed XXX XXXX tradition withGod’s Trombones(XXXX). As XXX novelists, there XXXX XXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXX which XXXX written XXXXXX this period. XXX novels XXXeXXXX XX Harlem (McKay, XXXX), The XXXXX XXXX (T.S. Eliot, XXXX), The XXXXX XX Jericho (XXXXXX, XXXX),XXX Blacker the XXXXX (XXXXXXX, XXXX),XXXXXXXXX (XXXXXX, 1928),XXXXXXX (XXXXXX, XXXX), XXXXX Eyes Were Watching God (Hurston, XXXX), XXX a lots XX others XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of the Harlem Renaissance. There XXX also a XXXX of autobiographies, XXXXXXXX, dramas, playwrights and XXXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXX bloomed during that XXXXXX.
XXX XXXXX depression had a huge impact on the African American XXXXXXX and XXXXXXX. XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX period XXXX XXXX XXX XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX Wright (1908-XXXX) as a representative of “social XXXXXXX”. His XXXXXUncle Tom’s XXXXXXXX(1938) andXXXXXX Son(1940) were XXXXXXXXXX masterpieces. XX XXX XXX followers in prose like XXXXXXX Attaway (1911-1986), XXXXXXX Himes (XXXX-1984), Ann Petry (1908-XXXX), XXX. The great XXXXXXXXXX XXX the XXXXXX XXX a XXXX of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX to XXXXXXX.Chicago XXXXXXXX was XXXXXXX American newspaper in Chicago. XXXXX XXXX a XXXX XX XXXXXXX likeXXXXXXX Wright, a XXXX Margaret XXXXXX (XXXX-XXXX), a XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Ward (1902-XXXX), a XXXX XXX a journalist XXXXX Marshall Davis (XXXX-XXXX), a novelist XXXXXXX XXXX (XXXX-1998), a dramatist Abram XXXX (XXXX-XXXX), XXX. XX the XXXXX XXXXX XXX also several more poets XXXX Sterling A. XXXXX (XXXX-XXXX), Melvin B. Tolson (1898-1966), XXXXXX Hayden (1913-XXXX), Gwendolyn XXXXXX (XXXX-2000), etc. XXXXXX won the XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXX XXXXXXAnnie XXXXX (1949). After the XXXXX War XX, XXXXX Edison issuedXXXXXXXXX XXXin 1952, XXXXX won XXX National Book XXXXXX in 1953. XXX XX the most famous writers in XXX period XXXXX XXXXX War XX was XXXXX Baldwin (XXXX-XXXX). XXX opus consisted XX novelsGo XXXX XX on XXX XXXXXXXX(XXXX),XXXXXXXX’s Room(XXXX),XXXXXXX XXXXXXX (1962), volumes of XXXXXXXXXXXX Knows XX Name (XXXX) XXXXXX Fire Next XXXX (1963), etc. As for the novelsXXXXXXXX’s XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Country, XXXXXXX XXX XXX first XXX in African XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX who started to consider XXXXXX like homosexuality, bisexuality, XXX. XXX most XXXXXX dramatists in XXX first XXXXXX XXXXX World War II XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX (1927-), Alice Childress (XXXX-XXXX), XXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX (1930-1965), XXX. The most famous XXXXXXX American actors XX XXXX XXXX XXXX Ruby XXX (XXXX-XXXX), XXX XXXXXXX (XXXX-), etc. XXXXX Richards (1919-XXXX) XXX a play’s XXXXXXXX and XXX first African American XXXXXXXX XX a Broadway show.
The period from XXX end XX XXXXX to the end XX XXXXX was XXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXX movement in XXX African American XXXXXXXXXX. Lorraine Hansberry XXXX her a XXXX in the XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX fought XXX XXX XXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXX Brooks XXXXXThe XXXX Eaters (1960) in this XXXXXX. XXX XXXX who marked this XXXXXX was LeRoi XXXXX (XXXX-XXXX), later known XX XXXXX XXXXXX. XXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX to a Twenty XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX (1961),XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX (1964), etc. Different assassinations XXX organizations XXXXXX a generations XX XXXXX African American writers to do their XXX XXXXXXX separating their XXXX from the XXXXXXX American community. XXX Black XXXX XXXXXXXX took its part in the national XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX by XXXXXXXXXX poetry XXXXXXX, founding XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX. XX 1968, XXXXX XXXX (1937-XXXX) XXX XXXXX Baraka XXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Fire. Baracka’s XXXXX XXXXX (1969) XXX It’s Nation XXXX (1970) XXX the XXXXXX XXXX XXXblues, XXXX, and XXXXXX music. The poets who XXX the same wereXXXXX Sanchez, XXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXX R. XXXXXXXXX, Carolyn X. Rodgers, and XXXXX XXXXXXXX. Ed XXXXXXX (1935-) was playwright who wroteXXXXX’s XXX XXX (XXXX) XXXXXX Fabulous Miss Marie(XXXX). Not XXX the African American XXXXXXX XXXX XXX 100% XXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXX Art movement. The XXXXXXXRobert XXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXX, Ernest X. Gaines,XXXXX XXXX McPherson, andMargaret XXXXXX XXXX XXXX XX such XXXXXXX.
The XXXX XXXXXX of XXXXXXX American literature is the contemporary period XXX it XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXX up XX now. XXX 1970s was XXXXXX by higher African American women’s consciousness. In this respect, the XXXX XXXXXXXXX writers XXXX Toni Morrison (XXXX-) XXX XXXXX XXXXXX (XXXX-). In 1987, XXXX Dove (1952-) won the XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX Thomas and Beulah (1986). XX XXXX,XXXXX Komunyakaa won the XXXX prize XXXNeon XXXXXXXXXX (1993). Octavia X. XXXXXX (1947-2006) XXX XXX first African American science XXXXXXX XXXXXX. There XXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX of XXXXXXX American XXXXXXX during XXX XXXX few decades of XXX 20th century. The most famous XXXXXXXXX XX XXX later half XX the XXth XXXXXXX XXX August XXXXXX (1945-2005) XXX XXX XXX Pulitzer XXXXXX. The first one was XXXXXXXXX(1985) XXX XXX second one forXXX Piano XXXXXX(XXXX). XX XXX last XXXXXXX of the 20th XXXXXXX, a lots of African American writers XXXXXXXXXX the slavery past XXX XXXXXXXXX they XXXXXX XXX genre called XXX-slave XXXXXXXXX. XXX XX the well-known XXXXX XXXX that period XXRoots(XXXX) written XX XXXX Haley (1921-1992). Ishmael XXXX (1938-) and Charles R. XXXXXXX (XXXX-) XXXX have been XXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXX. XXXX XXXXXXXX (1931-) is the first XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXX the Nobel XXXXX in XXXX. XXX won the XXXXXXXX Prize forXXXXXXX (1987). Up until XXX XXXXX have XXXX a lots XX significant African XXXXXXXX writers XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX development XX XXXXXXX American literature.
XX XXX XXX of this XXXX XX this XXXXX, I would XXXX XX cite this text fromRoots( Alex XXXXX. XXXX):
“Though it shamed [Kunta] to XXXXX it, he XXX begun XX prefer XXXX as he was XXXXXXX XX live it XXXX, XX this plantation, XX XXX certainly XX being XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, if he tried XX XXXXXX XXXXX. Deep in XXX heart, he knew he XXXXX XXXXX XXX his XXXX XXXXX XXX he XXXXX XXXX something XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX dying XXXXXX of him forever. XXX hope XXXXXXXX XXXXX; XXXXXX he XXXXX never see XXX XXXXXX XXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXXXX he XXXXX XX able XX have XXX XX XXX own.”
XX XX XXX see XXXX XXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX American history was very difficult and marked XX XXX XXXXXXX. XXXX slavery XXX left XXX consequences which are XXXXXXX of XXX XXXXXXX American literature XXXX XXXXX. The XXXXXXXXX path through XXX XXXXXXX Americans has gone is XXXX XXX XXXX them XXXXX XXX XXXXX existence XXX their identity. The casualties XXXX XXXX numerous, XXX the aim XXX XXXX XXXX XXX - XXXXXXX. Throughout XXX XXXXXXX XXX African American people have given XXX world a XXXX XX XXXXXXXX writers who XXXX XXXXX how XX XXXX the difficult XXXXX on XXXXX ancestors XXXXXXXXX. XXXX XXXXX XX XXXX a small work XX what should be XXXXXXX in thousands XXX thousands of XXXXX. On the XXXXX XXXX, I have XXXX XXXXX XX present XXX XXXXX history XX this XXXXXXXXXX in short. A lots XX writers are XXXXXXXXX in this XXXXX but XXXXX XXX really a lots XX them who XXX XXX mentioned XXX XXXXXXXX with XXXXX XXXXX. I am XXXXXX sorry for XXXX, but XXX purpose XX XXXX essay is to present a XXXXX look at this XXXXXXX of the African American XXXXXXXXXX. At XXX last XXX, I would make my XXXXXX that I XX pretty XXXX that the future will bring XXXX more XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX writers XXX XXXX be able to make wonderful XXXXX which the XXXXX world XXXX read or XXXX at. Those writers are XXX persons XXX XXXX all together XXXX the XXXX XX XXX XXXXX XXXX the XXXXXX XX XXX XXXXX XXXXX.
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