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1. What has given rise to the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products/drugs/practice protocols? What segments of the population are more vulnerable than others to ethical violations? What protections are in place to serve as safeguards? What changes in policy – either government or corporate or both – legislation, and/or public education are still needed to protect the rights of individuals?
Several issues related to controversies surrounding abortion, stem cell research, euthanasia and unethical drug trials have arisen in recent years, pitting interest groups such as religious institutions and research bodies against each other. Clearly, bioethics is a critical issue that links these disparate controversies, as these issues are all bioethical problems that affect certain population segments, and require adequate protections to ensure that these segments are not harmed. This essay will discuss the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products, drugs and practice protocols in the light of greater competition, public accountability, technological advances, experimentation and fiduciary duties. This essay will then discuss the segments of the population that are more vulnerable than others to ethical violations, which include minorities, lower income and lower-educated segments, rare disease sufferers and individuals in developing countries. This essay will also cover the protections that are in place to serve as safeguards, in terms of regulation, democratic deliberation, public-private partnerships, non-governmental organisation campaigns and media exposes. Finally, this essay will discuss how further changes in legislation, public education and policy ( in terms of corporate and government policy) are necessary to improve the state of bioethics.
Reasons for the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products, drugs and practice protocols
Bioethics is important because it forms the ethical basis for several medical and healthcare treatments, and outlines the principles for which new treatments should be evaluated and administered, bearing in mind their ethical implications and potential benefits or harms to their recipients. There are several reasons for the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products, drugs and practice protocols. These are linked to greater competition in the healthcare and biopharmaceutical sector, calls for greater public accountability in medical products, technological advances and fiduciary duties.
Foremost, greater competition in the healthcare and biopharmaceutical sector has led to several companies cutting corners in compliance, testing, research and development. In an increasingly crowded healthcare and biopharmaceutical market, several companies have been unable to devote sufficient talent, resources and funding to properly research, pilot and validate their products before entering the drug trial phase.(Carr, 2003) As a result of pressure from competitors to roll out blockbuster drugs, and pressure from investors and shareholders to deliver predictable and steady profit margins, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly relying on unethical procedures to get their drugs on the market. These include the use of unreliable prototype drugs in drug trials.
Another important issue has been the use of counterfeit ingredients as a result of greater competitive pressure in the healthcare and biopharmaceutical sector. For example, in 2007, people from Panama were pXXXXXXX XX cough XXXXX XXXX from XXXXXXXXXX glycol, a compound frequently used to manufacture brake XXXXX and anti-freezing XXXXXXXXX.(XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX, XXXX) XXXXXXX XXXXX syrup XXXXXXXXXXXXX was XXXXX in XXXXXXX in XXXX.(
Orisakwe, X. X., & Nduka, X. K. (XXXX). XXXX and cadmium levels XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX in XXXXXXX: a XXXXXX health concern?. Science of the XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, 407(23), 5993-5996.
, 2009) X XXXXX part XX the issue XXX XXXXXXX XX improper XXXXXXXXXX and certification XX the part of the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX producers, XXXXX came about through XXXXX XXXXXXXX XX streamline costs in the XXXX of XXXXXXXXX competition.(XXXXXX, 2013)
XXXX, XXXXX XXX greater public accountability in XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX have XXX to several XXXXXXXXXX issues. (XXXXX, 2010) XXX dimension XX this issue relates to XXX XXXX XX XXXXXX that product standards XXX met, and XXXX XXXXX products XX not XXXXXXXXXX XXXX consumers. XXX XXXXXXX, in 1938, the sulfanilamide XXXXXXXXXX was XXXXX with diethylene XXXXXX and XXXXXXXX XX an elixir drug, which led to XXXX a hundred deaths.( XX a separate, XXXX XXXXXX case, XXX FDA found XXXX samples XX XXX drug XXXXXXX, which XXX manufactured in XXXXX, XXX contaminated XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX and XXXXXX to XXXXXX XX deaths and 800 injuries.(XXXXXXXXX XXX Hooker, 2007) XXXXX XXXXXX of XXXXXXX XXXXXX are XXXXXX problematic, XXX warrant XXXXXXX bioethical examination.
XXXXXXX, another dimension XX the XXXX XXX XXXXXXX public accountability XXXXXXXX public XXXXXXXXX over procedures such XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX cell XXXXXXXX and genetically modified organisms. The rapid advancement XX these technologies has led several XXXXXXXX XX the American public XX call for XXXXXXX oversight over the XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, and to make XXX XXX XX XXXXX technologies publicly XXXXXXXXXXX. For example, XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX has rapidly XXXXXXXX, as doctors XXXX found new XXXX of transplanting XXX stabilizing previously XXX-transferrable organs.(Danovitch et XX, XXXX) XXXX XXX XXX to XXX proliferation of a black market XXX XXXXX XXXXX, XXXXXXXXX through XXXXXXX means such XX criminal XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX dark net.(Jafar, 2009) XX XXX global XXXXX, many XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, or XXXXXXXXXXX in poverty, XXXX XXXXXXXXX been XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX incentives and fraudulent marketing XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX organs for XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, such XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXX XX transplanted XX XXXXXXXX in XXXXXX income families in XXX global North. (Danovitch XX al, XXXX) This XXXXXXXXXXX has sparked a XXXXXXXX XXXXXX on XXXXXXXXX, and on XXXXXXX it XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX a XXXXXX to XXXXXX an organ that XXX been XXXXXXXXXX obtained XXXX a donor, or whether healthcare XXXXXXXXXXXXX are morally obliged to XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX an XXXXXXXXX on an organ that has XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX.
In XXXXXXX example, XXXXX progress in XXXX cell XXXXXXXX XXX led XX XXXXX XXX greater public XXXXXXXXXXXXXX by XXXXXXXXX groups XXXX as XXXXXXXX and evangelical Christians, XXX consider these XXXXXXXXXXXX to XX XXXX XX ‘playing XXX’ and a deep affront XX their XXXXXXXXX beliefs. As a result, they XXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX regulation and accountability of XXXXX technologies. XXXXXXX, in the area XX genetically modified organisms (XXXX), several XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX for XXXXXXX public accountability XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXX XX GMOs in XXX global XXXX supply chain, XXX a XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX impact XX using these organisms XX the ecosystem, XXX environment XXX human health. (XXXXX et al, XXXX)
A XXX factor driving the XXXXXXX XXXX XXX bioethics in XXX development and XXXXXXX of new products, drugs XXX practice protocols XXX also XXXX the XXXXXXXXXXXXX advances in medical products, XXXXX XXX healthcare delivery in recent years. XXXXXXX XXXXXXX ago, XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXX cell XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX organ transplants would have been unimaginable. However, XXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX cost and XXXXXXXXXXX of these XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX led XX XXX XXXXXXXX XX a XXXX XX bioethical dilemmas. XXX example, the XXXXXX and success XXXX of XXXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX is still uncertain. One relatively recent XXXX in XXXX XXXXXXXX a XXXXX published XX XXX XXXXXXX healthcare XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX claimed XXXX XXX MMR XXXXXXX’s XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XX XXX onset XX developmental disorders in XXXXXXXX. This XXX to a global XXXXXX XXXXXXX, XX XXXXXXXXXX practitioners XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX weighed XXX XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX measles, rubella XXX mumps, XXXXXXX the possibility of XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX of autism and ADHD in their young XXXXXXXX. (XXXXXXXX, XXXX) XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX until XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX by an XXXXXXXXXXX journalistic XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX have XXXXXXXXXX evidence, XXXXX XXXXXX another bioethical debate about the XXXXXX XX proof that medical XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXX their XXXX is not XXXXXXX or XXXXXX by XXXX evidence or XXXXXXXXX XX interest. (XXXXXXXX, XXXX) XX the XXXX light, XXX rapid growth of XXX organ transplant market and stem cell therapy XXXXXX has also XXX to XXXXXX bioethics XXXXXXX XXXX the XXXXXX XXX sustainability XX these XXXXXXXXX.
Another XXXXX XXXXX XXXX has XXX XX XXXXXX bioethics controversies XXX been the issue XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXX, pharmaceutical XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX practitioners XXXX have to XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX novel therapies and XXXX XXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXX with XXXXXXXX testing, which involves XXXXXXXX XXXXX. However, XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX not deliver the XXXXXXXX treatment to XXXXX patients, or XXXXX XXXXX, may end up harming XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX in XXXX clinical XXXXXX. In XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXX, the XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX at XXX XXXX, XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX an experimental XXXX antibiotic, Trovan, to XXXXXXXX in the Kano state, XXXXXXX in XXXX who were suffering from meningitis, in place XX the standard ceftriaxone treatment. (Nwabueze, XXXX) XXXXX both treatments inevitably XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX who XXXX, XXXXXX was XXXXX accused XX XXXXXX records XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX administering the XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXXX in the XXXX group XXXXXXX consent. (Jegede, XXXX) Pfizer XXX XXXX accused XX XXXXXXX brain damage, XXXXXXXXXXXXX disorders XXX XXXXXXXXX in children in the XXXXXXXXX XXXXX, where the experimental Trovan XXX XXXX XXX XX XXXXXXXXXX side effects. (XXXXXXXX, 2003) The case XXX widely seen as a XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX ethical principles of scientific XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX had XX pay XXXXXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX and continues XX XXXX criminal XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX Nigerian authorities. (Jegede, XXXX) XXXXXXX controversies XXXX XXXXXXX over XXXXXXXXXXX involving XXXXXXXXXX therapy, XXXXXXXXXXXX therapy, hypnosis XXX LSD treatments, XXXXX have led XX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX the XXXXXXXX XXX received XXXX treatments.
Finally, XXXXXXXXXX practitioners have a XXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX and XX XX harm. XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX medical treatments, XXXX XX abortion XXXXXXXXXX, euthanasia, XXXXXXXX suicide, the termination XX XXXXXXXXXX ventilation, XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX informed consent, XXX lead to XXXXXXXXX problems XX XXXX XXX cause harm. In the XXXX XX XXXXXXXX, the XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX that the ending of a XXXXX XXXX XX a XXXXXXXXX XX a healthcare XXXXXXXXXXXX’s fiduciary duty XX do XX harm. Likewise, euthanasia XXX assisted XXXXXXX, XXXX XXX a patient who is in XXXXX XXXX or XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX and consciously consented to such ‘treatments’, XXX XX a XXXXXXXXX XX a physician’s oath to do XX harm XX XXXXX patients, as the XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX through XXXX treatments XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX the patient at hand. XXXXXXXX, the XXXXXXXXXXX of mechanical XXXXXXXXXXX and life support, XXXXX it does not XXXX directly, leads to XXX XXXXXX XX a life, XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXX.(Lavery XX XX, 1997) This XXX XXX XX a XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX the XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and scope XX a physician’s XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXX a healthcare XXXXXXXXXXXX is XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXX over their XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX the stewardship of XXXXX XXXX.
There are XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX population that XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX in XXX media XX XXX XXXXXXX XX these bioethics XXXXXXXX. XXX segments of the population that are more vulnerable than others XX ethical XXXXXXXXXX include XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXXX XXX lower-educated XXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX individuals in developing XXXXXXXXX. Foremost, XXXXXXXXXX in several XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXXX and developing, XXX more vulnerable XX XXXXXXX violations as XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX about XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX.(Moore, 2010) Linguistic, XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX barriers XXX XXXXX for them in XXXXX integration into XXXXXXX, XXXXX may cause them to be unaware XX XXXXX individual XXXXXX XXXX it XXXXX XX consenting to experimental XXXXXXX treatments, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX cell XXXXXXX or XXX XXXXXXXX. XX a result of their lack of XXXXXXXXX over XXX XXXXXXXXX harms and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX are often XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX of XXXXX treatments.
XXXXXXXX, lower XXXXXX and XXXXX educated XXXXXXXX XXX also more vulnerable to XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. These segments are XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXXX and risks XX recent XXXXXXXXXX advancements XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXX cell therapy XXX XXXX XXXXXX. They are XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX to XXX for ‘gold standard’ treatments, XXX XXX opt XXX more XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX to a XXXX of financial ability to pay for XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. As a result, these XXXXX XXXXXX XXX lower educated segments XX a population may fall prey to XXXXXXXXXXXX biomedical trials or XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX pose harms or ethical problems, which they may XXX be aware of.
XXXXXXX, rare and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX are XXXXX the target of XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX trials that XXXXXXXXXXXXXX companies XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, even in the face of XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX violations. (Moore, XXXX) Individuals suffering XXXX XXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXX, allergic XXXXXXXX, Creutzfeldt–XXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX-AIDS, Ebola and XXXXXXXXX X may consider their XXXXXXXXX hopeless, as XXXXX XXXXX XX XXXXX cures XXX XXXXX treatments. XX the XXXX of a lack of XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX and a lack of time remaining to treat the disease XXXXXX they XXXXXXX to it, XXXX individuals XXX often XXX to be XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX problematic treatments XXXXX XXX still in the experimental phase, XXX may XXXXXX even more severe health XXXXXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXX.
Finally, XXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX countries often lack basic access to healthcare, sanitation and medication. These XXXXXXXXXXX may XXXXXXXXX be XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX experimental therapies at XXX or no XXXX, or therapies XXXX XXX even XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX remuneration XXX individuals XXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Several bioethical scandals have XXXX been XXXXXX to XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, such XX XXXXX XXXXXXX in XXXXX, where individuals are XXXXXXX through financial or XXXXXXX means XX donate XXXXX organs XXX XXXX. XXX stigma surrounding diseases such XX HIV-XXXX XXX mental health XX also more severe in XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX with lower awareness of XXXX diseases, XXXXX XXX make such XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX experimental and XXXXXXXXX problematic XXXXX of treatment.(XXXXXXXXX XX al, 2009)
Protections XXXX XXX in place XX XXXXX XX safeguards XXXXXXX XXXXXXX violations
In XXXXXXXX to the XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX XX protect XXX XXXXXXXX of XXX population that are XXXX vulnerable than others to XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXX in place to XXXXX XX safeguards, in XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX, democratic XXXXXXXXXXXX, public-XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX-governmental organisation campaigns and XXXXX exposes.
Foremost, XXXXXXXXXX authorities XXXX XX XXX U.S. XXXX and Drug Administration (FDA), XXXXXX by XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX the U.S. Federal XXXX, Drug and XXXXXXXX XXX (FDCA) of 1938, gives XXX X.S. government XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX regulate, police and monitor the quality XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. (Hoffmaster, 2009) XXXX regulation ensures XXXX imported products are XXXXXXXXX with XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX that counterfeit ingredients XXX not used which XXX be XXXXXXX to consumers.
XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX countries, such XX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX systems XX XXXXXXXXXX deliberation that XXXXX XXXXXXXX a XXXXX XX determine XXX XXXXXXXX of new XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXX, the X.S. Senate Select XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX and the U.S. House Committee on Ethics XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX on the XXXXXXX issues of XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX dilemmas such as abortion law, euthanasia law, XXXXXXXX suicide law and GMO XXXXXX.(Hoffmaster, XXXX)They XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX expert witnesses XX both sides XX the XXXXX XX testify on the ethical XXXXXX at XXXX, XXX the representatives of such XXXXXXXXXX systems XXX ultimately held XXXXXXXXXXX by XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX constituents. Furthermore, XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX have their own XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, which ensure that XXXXX XXXXXXX XXX research XXXXX are producing XXXXXXXX that is in line with leading XXXXXXX guidelines, in a manner XXXX is XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.
Thirdly, public XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXX greater XXXXXXXX and best-practice sharing XXXXXXX XXXXXXX players XXXX as pharmaceutical companies, and XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX such as XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX authorities. XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX allow private XXXXXXX XX be XXXXXXXXX and audited for their XXXXXXXXX, XX ensure XXXX they are in line with XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX compliance XXXX, and XXXX XXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX any ethical XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXXXX.(XXXXXXXXXX, 2009)XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, often XXXX XXXXXX institutions XXX academic XXXXXXXX centers, XXXXX XXXXXXX with XXXXXXX companies XX XXXX in order XX XXXXXX that these XXXXXXXXX XXX in line XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX for XXXXXXXX and operations. These XXXXXXX are often able XX dispense XXXXXX XXXXXXX on a variety of multidisciplinary approaches involving religion, XXXXXXX, ethics XXX philosophy.
XXXXXXX, non-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX and media XXXXXXX form a XXXXXXXX mechanism XX protect and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXX general XXXXXX against ethical violations in XXX area of XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. (XXXXXXXXXX, 2009) News agencies XXXX XX XXXXXXX, the XXX York Times XXX XXX XXX are XXXXX able to expose, in conjunction XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX as XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX on Bioethics XXX Bioethics XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX in bioethics and XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX as XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX companies and medical providers. These XXXX an XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX balance to ensure XXXX these stakeholders are held XXXXXXXXXXX for XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX actions.
Much XXX XX XXXX XX XXXXXX the area of XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX education XXX XXXXXX in order to XXXXXXX XXX current XXXXX of bioethics. XXXXXXXX, governments should XXXXXXXXX stronger XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX for XXX administration XX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX that XXX experimental or XXXX have XXXXXXXX health consequences. XXXXXXXX, governments should work XXXX XXXXXXX, universities XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX institute XXXXXXX public education XXXXXXXXX over XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX as abortions, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX suicide, XXXXXXXXXXX modified organisms, XXXXXXXXXXXX drug XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX cell XXXXXXXXX. XX XXXXXXXXX XXX public with XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX that XX XXXX up to date XXXX XXX latest XXXXXXXXXX research, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX therefore XXXXXXX XXXXX citizens to make informed XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX issues, XXX to XXXX in XXXXXXXXXX with informed opinions during XXXXXXXXX about XXXXXXXXX. Finally, governments should XXXXXXX regulation concerning XXXX trials and XXX administration XX XXXXXXXXXXX medical XXXXXXXXXX such as euthanasia, to align their policies with the XXXXXXXXX of their XXXXXXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX an XXXXXXXXXXXX field XXXX tremendous XXXXXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXX XXXXXX in XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX today. XX discussing XXX need XXX bioethics in the development and XXXXXXX XX new XXXXXXXX, drugs and practice XXXXXXXXX in XXX light of greater competition, public accountability, technological advances, experimentation and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXX segments XX XXX population XXXX are more XXXXXXXXXX than others to ethical XXXXXXXXXX, which XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX income XXX XXXXX-XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, rare XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX in developing XXXXXXXXX, the protections that are in XXXXX to XXXXX as safeguards, in terms of regulation, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX-private XXXXXXXXXXXX, non-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX media exposes, XXX the XXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXX, public XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX to XXXXXXXXXX the bioethics XXXXXXXXX, this XXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXX XXXX XXX greater XXXXXXXXX research XXX awareness.
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