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Chapter 6: Nondemocratic Regimes
Learning Objectives
- This chapter seeks to define nondemocratic rule and its two types: authoritarianism and totalitarian
- Students should be able to identify key origins and sources of nondemocratic rule
- Students should be able to identify features of nondemocratic regimes such as the personality cult, cooptation and coercion
- Students should understand the leading models of nondemocratic rule
- Defining Nondemocratic Rule: Totalitarianism and Nondemocratic Rule
- Nondemocratic regimes, or authoritarianism, are situations where a small group of individuals exercise power over the state, where the government is not constitutionally responsible to the public, where the public does not select its leaders, where individual freedom is restricted, and where regimes can be institutionalised and legitimised.
- Nondemocratic regimes may also be totalitarian, which is a rare variant where a regime seeks to control and transform all aspects of the state, society and the economy, have a strong ideological goal and use violence to remake institutions.
- This is the case for North Korea, where the supreme leader Kim Jong Un and his party control every facet of life, including jobs, education, and media, and where there is no independent civil society or opposition, while citizens face arbitrary arrests and widespread repression.
- Origins and Sources of Nondemocratic Rule
- Governments end up authoritarian because of the following factors
- Modernization: modernization generally leads to a middle class that demands democracy, but it can be a disruptive and uneven process that upsets institutions, norms, technology, economies, job markets and social values. In such disruption, nondemocratic leaders can promise stability and order.
- Elites: Entrenched elites may be unwilling to share power, reinforced by the resource trap, where states generate resources without taxation, XX XXX the XXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXX Robert Mugabe and XXXXXXXX, XXXXX his cronyistic XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX diamond wealth resources
- Society: a XXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX, or XXX that XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX (such XX through populism) can XXXX to nondemocratic rule, XX XXX the XXXX with Hugo Chavez’s XXXXXXXXX.
- International relations: IR influences XXX regime type XXXXXXX XXXXXXX occupation, XXXXXXXX legacy, or the support of XXXXXXXXXXXXX forces. XXXX was XXX case XXXX USSR XXX US XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX regime XXXXX, and more recently, with XXXXX, XXXXXX, Iran and Saudi XXXXXX.
- Culture: XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX was seen as a Western/Christian XXXXXXXXX XXXXX may XXX translate to XXXXX XXXXXXX. However, given XXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX region (such as Asia XXX XXXX) XXXX democracies, XXXX XXXXXXXX falls short. Clearly, XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX form of democracy XXXXXX than determining XXX absence or XXXXXXXX.
- Nondemocratic Regimes XXX Political Control
- XXXXXXXXXXX cult: XXX public is XXXXXXXXXX to obey XXX leader XXXXX XX XXX or her qualities and ideas.
- XXXXXXXXXX is venerated XX quasi-XXXXXXXXX figure XXX XXXXXXXX extraordinary qualities XXX the spirit XX XXX nation.
- XX-optation: members XX the public XXX brought XXXX a XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX, often through XXXXXXXXXXX or clientelism
- Cooptation XXXXXXXXXXX provides XXXXXXXX XX XXX groups, XXXXXX a XXXXXXX dependent on XXX XXXXXX, and XXXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXX forms.
- Corporatism creates or XXXXXXXXX a limited group XX organizations XX present XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. Examples XXXXXXX XXXXX/Portugal in the XXXXX, Cuba’s XXXXX XXXXX, XXX China’s XXXXX sponsored religious groups
- XXXXXXXXXXX has XXX state provide specific XXXXXXXX/XXXXXX to individuals or XXXXX groups, XXXXXXX XXX jobs, goods and XXXX XXXXXXX, XXX XXX XXXXXXX into kleptocracy.
- XXXXXXXX: XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX is enforced through XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXX is a XXX of fear XX discourage opposition, with XXXXXXXXX including killing, torture, job loss and XXXXXXX to family. XXXXXXXX can XX XXXXXXXX or indiscriminate, and XXXXXXXX relies XX XXXXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX.
- XXXXXXXXX examples include China’s Cultural Revolution, Tiananment XXXXXX XXX XXXX’s Basij militia XXXXXX XX protestors.
- Coercion is limited in efficacy XXXXXXX it can undermine XXXXXX legitimacy, XXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX, is XXXXXX to XXXXXXXX and limits beneficiaries.
- XXXXXX of nondemocratic XXXX
- XXXXXX of nondemocratic XXXX include:
- Personal and XXXXXXXXXXX rule: an XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XX patrimonialism and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX
- XXXXXXXX rule: Rule by XXX or more XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, which may XX in the form of XXXXXXXXXXXX authoritarianism, XXX XX often brought to XXXXX XXXXXXX a coup XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX include Chile XXX XXXXX.
- One-XXXXX XXXX: XXXX XXXXX XXX other XXXXXXX are banned or excluded from power, reliant XX corporatism XXX clientelism XX control.
- Theocracy: Religion as XXX XXXXXXXXXX of XXX regime, with XXXXX Arabia XXX XXXX having some XX these theocratic features
- Illiberal or hybrid regimes: Also known XX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXX-democratic XXXXXXX, these XXXXXXX combine XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX features, XXXX features XXXXXXXXX XXXX or XXXXXX-respected rule of law, XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX an overwhelming XXXXXX XX power, manipulated elections, XXX XXX civil rights or XXXXXXXXXX freedoms
- In Sum: Retreat or XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX Regimes?
- XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX are in decline XXXX XXX XXXX 30 XXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX a XXXXX category of XXXXXX.
- XXX upheaval XX modernization, elite resource XXXXXXX, societal XXXXXXXXXX, international actors, XXX culture XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX.
- XXXXXXXXXXXXX regimes XXX rely on coercion, co-optation, or XXXXXXXXXXX cults to maintain XXXXXXX.
- Major categories of nondemocratic XXXX include monarchies, XXXXXXXX rule, XXX-party states, theocracies, XXX illiberal/hybrid regimes.
Chapter 9: Communism XXX Postcommunism
Learning XXXXXXXXXX
- Students should understand the XXXXXX, XXXXXXX and developmental path XX XXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXX should understand communist XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX
- Students should XX able XX identify key XXXXXXXX institutions XXXXX XXXXXXXXX
- Students XXXXXX be able XX explain why and how XXXXXXXXX collapsed
- XXXXXXXX should be able XX understand how XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX political, economic and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX
- Communism, XXXXXXXX, and the Nature XX Human XXXXXXXXX
- Communism XXXXXX XXXX XX German philosopher XXXX XXXX, as a XXX of political XXXXX about class and XXXXXXXX XXXX XX both:
- Empirical: attempts to XXXXXXX how XXXXXXXXX operate, XXX XXXXXXXX theories about why XXXXXXXXX grow, XXX XXXXXX start revolutions, XXX so XX
- XXXXXXXXX: an XXXXXXXX XXXXX how society XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, and includes prescriptions XXXXX how XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX market-XXXXX systems
- Key XXXXX in communism XXXXXXX XXX base, bourgeoisie, XXXXXXXXX, dialectical materialism, XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX proletariat, XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, surplus XXXXX XX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX.
- XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX “XXXXXXX” of Communism
- Marx XXXXXXXXX that XXXXXXX in technology XXXXX progress humanity XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX between XXX rulers XXX XXXXX at XXXX XXXXX, from XXXXXXXXX to capitalist democracy, and from the XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX proletariat to a XXXXXXXXX utopia.
- Putting XXXXXXXXX XXXX Practice
- XXXX had XX blueprint for communist XXXXXXXXXX, XXX expected XXXXXXXX utopia to emerge. As a XXXXXX, communist countries XXXX in XXXX varieties, through personal or monarchical XXXX (XXXXX XXXXX), military rule (XXXXX), and one-party rule (USSR and China)
- Key features XXXXXXXX:
- XXXXX-based, centralized XXXXXXXXX XXXXX Communist XXXXX, often XXXXXXX XXXX constitution with state institutions XXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXX
- XX-XXXXXXXX (ie.) XXXXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXX XX “hostile” organizations
- XXX party XXXXXXXXX often mirrors XXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXX General secretary XX chief executive, XXX Politburo (“Political XXXXXX”) as XXX top XXXXXX-making executive body, the XXXXXXX Committee as XXX XXXXXXXXXXX-like body of XXXXX membership, XXX cells, or basic party XXXXXXXXXXXXX to which XXXXXXX are assigned
- XXXXXXXXX political XXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXX Collectivization XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, with private XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX state-controlled XXXXXXXX
- Central XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX markets, and XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX determines the quantity, XXXXX price, XXXXXXX venue and XXXX XX XXXXX XXXX.
- Extensive XXXXXX XXXXX and social services
- Problems included regular XXXXXX shortages, XXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX a lack XX worker XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX
- XXX example, XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX focused on XXXXXXX quotas XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX goods or XXXXXXXXX from XXXXXXX, while XXXXXXX XXX not fear losing jobs, XXX XXX did businesses fear going XXXXXXXX
- XX a result, there XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX stagnation, a lack of innovation XXX supply XXXXXXXXX
- Societal Institutions under XXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXX: XXXXXX XXXXXX to eliminate the “opiate of the masses” religion. As a XXXXXX, religion XXX XXXXXX underground.
- XXXXXX XXX sexuality: XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX policies XXXXXX XX eliminate XXXXXXXXXXXX, promote XXXXX opportunities XXX men and XXXXX, eliminate XXXXXXXXXX institutions (such XX XXXXXXXX). XXXXX XXXXXXX arose, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX women, although traditional family roles XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX identity: XXXXXXXXX mechanisms that “XXXXXX and conquer”. XXXXXXXXXX, it resulted in active XXXXXXXXX of nationalism, with XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX driven XX unequal treatment
- XXX Collapse of XXXXXXXXX
- By XXXXX, Leaders recognize XXXX to reform XXX to XXXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX:
- XXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXXX; rising government debt, XXXX inequality; XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX
- XXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXX (XXX XXXXX XXX) XXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXXXXX politics: XXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XX Afghanistan XXXXXXX military XXXXXXXX, while XXX X.S./XXXX rivalry XXXXX back up under XXXXXXXXX Reagan
- Social: civil XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in Eastern XXXXXX
- XXXX: XXXXX XXXXXX “reform and opening” under XXXX Xiaoping
- XXXXXXX Gorbachev takes XXXXX in 1985, XXXX the following reforms:
- Perestroika: introduction XX some market XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXX and industry; XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX planning, but XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XX bureaucratic inflexibility
- Glasnost: XXXX media and XXXXXXX censorship, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX open XX public XXXXXX
- International XXXXXXX: loosens XXXXXXXX control XXXX Eastern Europe
- Economic decline continues, with an XXXXXX XXXXXX, while XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX legitimacy crisis, XXX nationalism XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX through XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX pro-XXXXXXXXXXXX movements in USSR that seek national XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXX
- China’s XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX not collapse, but XXXX did, becoming XX new XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXX XXX West XXXXXXX reuniting, Czechoslovakia XXXXXXXX, and Yugoslavia fragmenting.
- XXX Transformation of Political Institutions
- Post communist XXXXXXXXX built XXXXXXXXX XX establishing rule of law, XXXXXXXX democratic “building XXXXXX” XXXX XX political parties, XXX XXXXXXX new constitutions XXXX separation XX XXXXXX, executive XXX XXXXXXXXXXX design, XXXXXXXXX laws, civil rights and XXXXXXXXX
- XXXX countries XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, with a XXXXXXXXX pre-XXXXXXXXX legacy XXXX had greater XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, a XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX institutions, experience XXXX rule of XXX XXX XXXXXX XXXX XX Europe (now XXX EU). Others, XXXX as XXXXXX, floundered XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX and political instability.
- XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of Economic Institutions: Challenges
- XXXXXXXXXXXXX: Transfer of XXXXX-held XXXXXXXX into private hands
- Marketization: XX-XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX of XXXXXX and demand
- Pre-XXXXXXXXX legacy XXXXXXXX, XXXX states that XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX with XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, and XXXXXXX property, XXXXXXX period XX XXXXXX control, XXXXXX XXXX to XXXXXXX Europe XXX the XX, stronger XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX institutions able to stem XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX property XXXXXX succeeding more XXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXXXX transition
- The XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of Societal Institutions
- XXXXXX such as XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, nationalism, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX gender identity XXXXXXX.
- In XXX: XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX
- Marx XXX XXXXXXX as a class XXXXXXXX, with revolutions XXXXXXXXX XX changes in XXXXXXXXXX.
- XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX sought to completely XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, and society, but XXXXX XXXX XXXXX of their goals.
- XX the late 1980s XXX XXXXX 1990s, most XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX or transitioned XX XXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX.
- XXX postcommunist XXXXX XX becoming increasingly XXXXXXX in XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX, economics, XXX social identities.