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Extra Credit Assignment: Chapter Summary for Essentials of Comparative Politics, 6ed, Patrick H O’Neil</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Chapter 6: Nondemocratic Regimes</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Learning Objectives</span></p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">This chapter seeks to define nondemocratic rule and its two types: authoritarianism and totalitarian</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should be able to identify key origins and sources of nondemocratic rule</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should be able to identify features of nondemocratic regimes such as the personality cult, cooptation and coercion<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should understand the leading models of nondemocratic rule</span></li> </ol> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Defining Nondemocratic Rule: Totalitarianism and Nondemocratic Rule</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Nondemocratic regimes, or <b>authoritarianism</b>, are situations where a small group of individuals exercise power over the state, where the government is not constitutionally responsible to the public, where the public does not select its leaders, where individual freedom is restricted, and where regimes can be institutionalised and legitimised.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Nondemocratic regimes may also be <b>totalitarian</b>, which is a rare variant where a regime seeks to control and transform all aspects of the state, society and the economy, have a strong ideological goal and use violence to remake institutions.</span><ol><li>This is the case for North Korea, where the supreme leader Kim Jong Un and his party control every facet of life, including jobs, education, and media, and where there is no independent civil society or opposition, while citizens face arbitrary arrests and widespread repression.</li></ol></li></ol><li><span class="s1">Origins and Sources of Nondemocratic Rule</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Governments end up authoritarian because of the following factors</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Modernization: modernization generally leads to a middle class that demands democracy, but it can be a disruptive and uneven process that upsets institutions, norms, technology, economies, job markets and social values. In such disruption, nondemocratic leaders can promise stability and order.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Elites: Entrenched elites may be unwilling to share power, reinforced by the resource trap, where states generate resources without XXXXXXXX, XX was the case XXXX the XXXXXXXX Robert XXXXXX and XXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX elites XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX using XXXXXXXX XXX diamond XXXXXX resources<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXX: a weak civil XXXXXXX, or one that XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX (such XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX) XXX lead XX nondemocratic rule, XX was XXX XXXX XXXX Hugo Chavez’s Venezuela.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">International XXXXXXXXX: XX influences XXX regime XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX occupation, imperial legacy, or XXX XXXXXXX XX nondemocratic forces. This was XXX XXXX with XXXX XXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX regime XXXXX, and XXXX recently, with XXXXX, Russia, XXXX and XXXXX Arabia.<span class="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXX: Formerly, democracy XXX seen XX a XXXXXXX/Christian XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXX translate XX XXXXX XXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXXX that XXXXX major XXXXXXXX XXXXXX (XXXX XX XXXX XXX XXXX) have XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX argument XXXXX XXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXX of democracy XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX absence or presence.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Nondemocratic Regimes and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Personality XXXX: the public is encouraged to obey XXX leader XXXXX on XXX or her XXXXXXXXX and ideas.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Leadership is venerated as quasi-religious XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX qualities and the XXXXXX of the XXXXXX.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XX-optation: members XX XXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX into a XXXXXXXXXX relationship with the XXXXXXXXXX, often through XXXXXXXXXXX or clientelism</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX groups, making a XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX on XXX regime, and XXXXX in either XXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXX forms.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Corporatism XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXX a XXXXXXX group XX organizations to present XXXXXX interests. Examples include XXXXX/XXXXXXXX in the 1970s, XXXX’s labor union, XXX China’s state sponsored religious groups</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Clientelism has the XXXXX provide XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX/XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX or small groups, XXXXXXX via jobs, XXXXX XXX rent XXXXXXX, XXX XXX decline into XXXXXXXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX: public obedience XX enforced XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX and surveillance. XXXXX XX a use of XXXX to XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX sanctions including killing, XXXXXXX, job loss XXX threats XX family. XXXXXXXX can be XXXXXXXX or indiscriminate, and coercion relies on surveillance XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX.</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Prominent examples XXXXXXX XXXXX’s XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, Tiananment XXXXXX XXX Iran’s XXXXX militia threat to XXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX XX limited in XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX it XXX undermine XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, may create XXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXX limits beneficiaries.</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Models of XXXXXXXXXXXXX rule</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXX XX nondemocratic XXXX XXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Personal and monarchical XXXX: an ancient XXXXXX type reliant on patrimonialism and personality XXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX XXXX: XXXX XX one or more military officials, which may XX in the form of XXXXXXXXXXXX authoritarianism, XXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXX to power XXXXXXX a XXXX and XXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX XXX Egypt.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">One-XXXXX rule: XXXX where all other parties are XXXXXX or XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX, reliant XX corporatism XXX XXXXXXXXXXX to control.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX: Religion as the foundation of the regime, with XXXXX Arabia and XXXX having XXXX XX these theocratic XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Illiberal or XXXXXX XXXXXXX: XXXX XXXXX as hybrid, XXXXXXXXX authoritarian, XXX semi-XXXXXXXXXX regimes, XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX democratic and XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, with features XXXXXXXXX XXXX or XXXXXX-XXXXXXXXX rule XX XXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXXX hold an XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX of power, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX freedoms</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XX Sum: Retreat or Retrenchment for Nondemocratic Regimes?</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Nondemocratic XXXXXXX XXX in XXXXXXX over XXX XXXX 30 XXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXX refers XX a broad XXXXXXXX of XXXXXX.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">The upheaval of XXXXXXXXXXXXX, elite XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, international actors, and culture XXX reinforce XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Nondemocratic XXXXXXX may rely on coercion, co-XXXXXXXX, or XXXXXXXXXXX cults to maintain XXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXX categories XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, military XXXX, XXX-XXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, and illiberal/hybrid XXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> </ol> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">Chapter X: Communism XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">Learning XXXXXXXXXX</span></p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX XXXXXX understand XXX nature, XXXXXXX XXX developmental path XX communism</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX should understand communist political XXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Students XXXXXX XX able XX identify key XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX under XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX able XX explain why and how XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX able XX understand how communism XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, economic and XXXXXXXX institutions</span></li> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Communism, XXXXXXXX, XXX XXX XXXXXX of Human XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Communism XXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX Marx, as a set XX political XXXXX about XXXXX and politics that XX XXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Empirical: XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX how societies operate, and includes theories XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX grow, why XXXXXX start revolutions, XXX so on<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">Normative: an ideology about how XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX how XXXXXXX XXXXXX organize XXX overthrow XXXXXX-based XXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Key terms in communism include the base, XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, dictatorship XX the XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX consciousness, XXXXXXXXXXX, superstructure, XXXXXXX value XX XXXXX and XXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Revolution XXX the “XXXXXXX” of XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Marx XXXXXXXXX that XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX progress humanity throughout XXXXXXX, and increase XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX rulers XXX ruled XX each stage, from feudalism to capitalist XXXXXXXXX, and XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of the proletariat to a XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXX Communism XXXX Practice</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Marx had XX blueprint XXX XXXXXXXXX government, and expected anarchic XXXXXX XX XXXXXX. XX a result, communist countries XXXX in many varieties, XXXXXXX personal or monarchical rule (XXXXX Korea), XXXXXXXX rule (Burma), and one-party XXXX (XXXX XXX XXXXX)</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX features XXXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXX-XXXXX, centralized authority under XXXXXXXXX Party, often XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX with XXXXX institutions XXXXXXXX in the parties</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Co-XXXXXXXX (ie.) Nomenklatura</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXX of “XXXXXXX” organizations<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX XXXXX structure often mirrors XXXXX structure, XXXX the General XXXXXXXXX as XXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXX (“Political XXXXXX”) XX XXX top XXXXXX-XXXXXX executive body, the XXXXXXX Committee XX XXX legislative-XXXX body of XXXXX membership, XXX cells, or XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX to XXXXX members XXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Communist XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX Collectivization and nationalization, XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX eliminated and state-controlled industry</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Central XXXXXXXX replaces XXXXXXX, and XXX communist government determines XXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXX and type of XXXXX sold.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX regular supply XXXXXXXXX, domino effects, XXX a XXXX XX worker and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXX XXXXXXX, causes included XXXXXXXXX and XXXXX focused XX hitting quotas rather XXXX producing quality XXXXX or profiting XXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX workers XXX not fear losing XXXX, XXX XXX XXX businesses fear going bankrupt</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XX a XXXXXX, there XXXX XXXXXX products, economic XXXXXXXXXX, a lack XX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Societal XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX Communism</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Religion: XXXXXX sought XX XXXXXXXXX the “XXXXXX of the masses” XXXXXXXX. XX a XXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX policies XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX exploitation, XXXXXXX equal opportunities XXX men and XXXXX, XXXXXXXXX repressive institutions (XXXX XX XXXXXXXX). XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX improved for women, although XXXXXXXXXXX family XXXXX XXXXXXXX conservative</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Nationalism and ethnic XXXXXXXX: eliminate mechanisms that “XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX”. XXXXXXXXXX, it XXXXXXXX in XXXXXX promotion of XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX driven by XXXXXXX treatment<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">The Collapse XX Communism</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">By XXXXX, XXXXXXX recognize need to XXXXXX due XX economic, XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXXX; rising government XXXX, high inequality; XXXXXX food costs</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX: stagnant (and often old) leadership</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX: the XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX weakness, while the U.S./XXXX rivalry XXXXX XXXX up under XXXXXXXXX Reagan</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXX: XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in Eastern Europe</span></li> <li><span class="s1">1978: XXXXX begins “XXXXXX XXX opening” XXXXX XXXX Xiaoping</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXX Gorbachev XXXXX XXXXX in 1985, XXXX the following reforms:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Perestroika: introduction of XXXX market reforms in XXXXXXXXXXX and industry; XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX planning, XXX XXXXXXXXX on account of XXXXXXXXXXXX inflexibility<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Glasnost: free XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, making XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX to public debate<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXXX reforms: XXXXXXX military XXXXXXX XXXX Eastern XXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Economic decline continues, with an energy crisis, XXXXX the XXXXXXXXX disaster XXXXXXXX legitimacy crisis, XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX itself through XXXXXXX Europe and<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"> </span>XXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX movements in USSR XXXX seek XXXXXXXX XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">China’s XXXXXXXXX system did not collapse, but XXXX XXX, becoming XX XXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXX and West XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX Yugoslavia fragmenting.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">The XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of Political XXXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Post communist XXXXXXXXX XXXXX democracy by XXXXXXXXXXXX rule of XXX, creating XXXXXXXXXX “building blocks” such as XXXXXXXXX parties, and writing XXX constitutions with XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXX, XXXXX rights and liberties</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX as XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXX a favorable pre-XXXXXXXXX legacy that had greater XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, a XXXXXXX civil society, XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, experience with rule XX law and strong ties XX Europe (now XXX EU). Others, such XX XXXXXX, floundered under the resource XXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">The Transformation of Economic XXXXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Privatization: Transfer of XXXXX-XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Marketization: XX-XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX-communist legacy mattered, XXXX XXXXXX that had XXXX experience with industrialization, markets, and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX period of Soviet XXXXXXX, closer XXXX XX XXXXXXX XXXXXX and XXX EU, stronger democracy and stronger XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX able XX XXXX corruption and protect property XXXXXX succeeding XXXX effectively in XXXXX XXXXXXXX transition</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">XXX Transformation XX Societal Institutions</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Issues such as XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, gender XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX emerged.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1"> XX XXX: The Legacy XX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Marx XXX XXXXXXX XX a class XXXXXXXX, XXXX revolutions XXXXXXXXX by changes in XXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Communist systems XXXXXX to completely XXXXXXXXX politics, XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXX, but XXXXX XXXX short XX their goals.<span class="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">By XXX late 1980s and XXXXX 1990s, XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXXX to XXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX postcommunist world XX becoming XXXXXXXXXXXX diverse in XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX identities.</span></li> </ol> </ol>">
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