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Chapter 5:
Learning Objectives
- To define democracy and its different types
- To understand the origins of democracy
- To explain the rising trend of contemporary democratization
- To elaborate on the institutions of the democratic state and its three branches
- To explore the benefits and disadvantages of different models of democracy
- To discuss the role of political parties, electoral systems, referendums, initiatives, civil rights and civil liberties in a democracy.
- Defining Democracy
- Democracy comes from demos (‘the common people’) and kratia (‘power’ or ‘rule’), and has taken on the modern definition of political power exercised either directly or indirectly by the people
- Democracies are comprised of illiberal democracies, which have elections but undermine key democratic elements, and liberal democracies, which promote participation, competition, and liberty, and emphasize individual freedom and civil rights.
- Origins of Democracy
- Democracy started in Ancient Greece (Athens), as a small community of direct democracy with few fixed institutions
- Republicanism then rose in Rome, with democracy involving the separation of powers and elected officials
- Finally, democracy progressed through the implementation of the Magna Carta (1215), which limited power of monarchy and establishes rights, with taxes and borrowing controlled by parliament
- Contemporary Democratization
- Possible explanations for democratization include
- modernization: As societies modernize (economically), a middle class emerges, the population becomes wealthier, better educated, and urbanized, old traditions of authority and hierarchy weaken, and new values (tolerance, gender equality) emerge. While this is true, givXX XXXX most XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, this is problematic XXXXX that many XXXXXXXXX have modernized without XXXXXXXXXXXXX.
- XXXXXX: distributions of XXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXX, and XXXX wealth is XXXXXXXXXXXX in state XXXXX, XXXXX in XXXXX XXX unlikely XX give up control of the XXXXX. However, elites support democracy XX XXXX can keep their wealth (XXXXX XXXXXX), get XXXX international XXXXXXX (XXXXXX), or XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX asset seizure (XXXXX)
- civil XXXXXXX: XXX public XXXX push for XXXXXX if XXXXX society (XXXXXXXXX life XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX) is XXXXXXXX, XXXX in the XXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXXX.
- international relations: XXXXXXXXXXXXX actors XXX play a direct or indirect role in XXXXXXXXX democracy, such as XXXXXXXX after XXX, XX in Eastern XXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXX.
- political culture: XXXXXXX argue that Western style values are needed for democracy, such XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXXXXX in Western XXXXXX XXX XXXXX America.
- Institutions of the Democratic XXXXX
- XXXXX Branches XX government: The three XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX XXX the executive, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX constitutional court
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- XXX constitutional court determines XXXX and judicial XXXXXX, XXX maintains and XXXXXXX the rule XX XXX. XXXX democracies XXXX a constitutional XXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX review, XXXXX may XX in XXX XXXX of abstract review or XXXXXXXX XXXXXX
- Abstract review: Political XXXXXXX can refer XXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXX before XXXX are passed
- XXXXXXXX review: XXXXXXXX use court XXXXX to XXXXXXXXX a law XXXXX passage.
- XXXXXX XX Democracy: Parliamentary, Presidential, XXX Semi-Presidential Systems, XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX, and Semi-Presidential XXXXXXX: Benefits XXX Drawbacks
- Three XXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX where legislative XXX executive XXXXXXXX XXX fused, XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX chosen by indirect elections with XXXXX XXXXXXXX cycles. Prime XXXXXXXX and cabinet XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. Parliamentary systems are XXXX responsive, XXX give XXX XXXXXX less XXXXXXX.
- Presidential XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX and legislative XXXXXX are separated, XXXX direct XXXXXXXXX and a fixed XXXXXXXX XXXXX. Legislature initiates legislation, powers XXX separated, branches XXX co-equal. XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX are backed by a direct national XXXXXXX, but divided XXXXXXXXXX XXX deadlock XXXXXXXXXXX
- Semi-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXX systems XXXX two executives . There are XXX prime ministers in a fixed election XXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXX between the XXX leading XX deadlock.
- XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX
- XXXXXXX XXXXXXX participation, competition, XXXXXXXXXX, policymaking and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
- XXXXXXXXX Systems
- Electoral XXXXXXX concern how voters choose their representatives, XXXXX may XX divided by XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, representation, district XXXXXXXXX, XXX result XXXXXXXXXXXX.
- Single-Member XXXXXXXX (XXX) XXXXXXX may feature plurality (first XXXX the XXXX) or majority (runoff) systems. These systems XXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX, clearer mandates, XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXX less representative.
- XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX (XXX) XXXXXXX may XXXXXXX proportional XXXXXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXX XXXXXXX. XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX smaller parties XXXX are more representative and XXXXXXXXXXX, but XXXX fragmenting XXX political XXXXXX.
- XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX voting, XXXXX voters rank-order XXXXXXXXXX.
- XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX
- Referendum: National vote called by a government XX address a specific proposal, often a XXXXXX to a XXXXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXX: X national XXXX called by members XX the public XX XXXXXXX a specific proposal
- XXXXX XXXXXX XXX Civil Liberties
- XXXXX XXXXXX: Rights XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX
- XXXXX XXXXXXXXX: Rights XXXXXXXXX freedom
- May differ XXXXXX XXXXX by specificity XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX protections, XXXXXXX by XXXXXX XX defend XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXX XXXXX the XXXXXXX XXXX XX XXX XXXXX
- XX XXX: XXXXXX Challenges XX Democracy
- XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX is XXXXX on participation, XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX liberty. It can be XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX.
- Democratization XX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX, political, XXXXXX, XXX international forces.
- XXXXX all democracies have three branches of government, XXXX XXXXXX in how XXXXX executive, legislative, and judicial institutions XXX constructed.
- XXXXXXXXXXXXX, presidential, and semi-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX offer different XXXXXXX XX legislative-executive relations.
- All democracies require XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX to XXXXXXXX, but XXX XXXX XX XXXXX party XXXXXX XX XXXXXX by XXXXX electoral rules.
- XXXXX are XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XX elect XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX or XXXX on policies.
- Democracies vary in XXXXX of the XXXXXXXX rights and liberties XXXX XXXXXXX in their XXXXXXXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXX 8
Learning XXXXXXXXXX
- Defining Developed XXXXXXXXX
- Developed XXXXXXXXXXX refer XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX high levels of economic XXXXXXXXXXX
- Freedom XXX Equality in Developed Democracies
- Developed XXXXXXXXXXX are XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX democracies that share XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX liberty, XXX differ XX XXXXXXXXX through XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXXXX (XX. XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, referenda), XXXXXXXXXXX (XXXXXXXXX systems, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX) and freedoms.
- XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX all XXXXXX capitalism’s tenets of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXX markets XXX prosperity, but XXXXXX in the role XX XXX XXXXX and XXXXXX of inequality
- XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX Developed XXXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXX inequality
- XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXXXX Transformed?
- Developed democracies XXXX resulted in the rise XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX systems such as XXX XX, XXXXX XXXXX from XXX 1950 XXXXXXX Declaration XXX 1951 ECSC to XXXXXXX another XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX political XXXXXXXXXXX.
- After XXXXX failures, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX achieved XXXXXXX the EEC, XX XXX EU
- The XX XX XXXXXXXXX of the XXXXXXXX Council, Commission, Parliament and XXXXX XX Justice
- XXX European Council XX the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, where XXXXX XX XXXXX meet XXXX times a year XX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX
- XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXX executive XXXXXX’s bureaucracy, XXX initiates XXXXXXXXX, manages XX XXXXXXXX and monitors treaty XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
- XXX European XXXXXXXXXX XX directly XXXXXXX XX XX XXXXXX
- span class="Apple-converted-space"&XX;
- XXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX after 1993, with XX members, a XXXXXX currency, an attempted XX XXXXXXXXXXXX, the XX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XX Commission XXX Parliament XXXXXX.
- Problems have XXXXXXXX XXX Brexit vote (2016), with XXXXX challenges XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX Crisis, XXX EU XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXX increases, XXXXX-South XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, job XXXXXX and a democratic deficit.
- XXXXXXXXX have XXXXXXXX greater XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXX, cross-border XXXXXXXXXX, a single XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX a reserve currency.
- XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX in XXXXX and XXX UK, with supporters arguing that it XXXXXXXX XXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX, marginal XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX critics XXXXXXX it undermines XXXXX capacity XXX XXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.
- Societal XXXXXXXXXXXX: XXX Identities in Formation?
- Values XXXX evolved: traditional, XXXXXX, postmodern
- XXXXXX values emphasise XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX, progress
- Postmodern XXXXXX emphasise XXXXXXXXXXX, social justice, skepticism of XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX hinder postmodern value adoption.
- Issues XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, societal inclusion and cultural XXXXXX have XXXXXX the formation XX XXXXXXXX institutions.
- Economic XXXXXXXXXXXX: A XXX Market?
- XXXXX XXX been an XXXXXXXX XXXXX XX services, XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX to developing XXXXXXXXX
- Hence, job XXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX risen, along with XXXXXXX XXX trade XXXXXXXX XXX greater XXXXXXXXXX, xenophobia.
- Welfare states have the XXXXXXXX of XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXXX mortality, increased XXXX expectancy, literacy XXX education, but XXX XXXXXXXXXX by demographic XXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXXXXX.
- XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX options XXX to cut welfare benefits, XXXXXXXX government debt or raise XXXXX.
- Possible XXXXXXXXX XX issues in economics XXX XX XXXXXX XXX labor market by XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXX age or making XXX XXXXXXX XXXX flexible.
- XXXXXXXX change is XXXXXXX in different ways in XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX:
- UK: higher taxes, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX cuts, public XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, with XXXX term consequences XXXXXXX
- XXXXX Korea/XXXXXXXXX: temporary tax XXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX spending led XX avoided recession, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, with continuing issues XXX long term XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX unknown
- In XXX: Developed XXXXXXXXXXX in Transition
- Developed democracies are countries XXXX institutionalized democracy XXX postindustrial XXXXXXXXX.
- In recent years, XXXXXXXXXXX has been challenged by international XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX.
- Democratization XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX promote some new values, but local XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX.
- Postindustrial XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX costs XXXXX XXXXXX XXX developed XXXXXXXXXXX.