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Outline and discuss Clarke’s assessment that the
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<p>These takeaways are important as they define how this emerging area of warfare has reshaped how conflicts between governmental and non-governmental actors are executed, and have significant implications for how governmental and non-governmental actors can fight against cyberattacks.</p><p>Foremost, XXXXXX emphasises the XXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX impact XX cyberattacks on its XXXXXXX. XXX crippling XX a XXXXXX nuclear XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX banks XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX by their purported Israeli, Russian XXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX show the devastating XXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XX XXX impact of a cyberattack XX its targets. XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX guard against cyberattacks must be able XX XXXXXXX with XXXXXXX speed and XXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXXX cybersecurity XXXXXXX XX industry leaders XXXX as Symantec XXX XXXXXX, in order to XXXXX attacks by XXXXX parties.</p><p>Secondly, XXXXXX discusses how cyber war is XXXXXX and XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXX implies that its perpetrators are XXXXX difficult XX trace XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXX little evidence of their handiwork, XXXXXXX XXXX be governmental or XXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX. Furthermore, this XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX demonstrates XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, such XX XXXXXXXXXX, aircraft carriers, anti-ballistic missile XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX, are often XXXXXXXXX XXX made impotent by these XXXXX attacks. XXX electronic-digital nature of XXXX conventional weapons systems allows XXXX to XX infiltrated XXX compromised by a variety XX XXXXXXXXX attackers. XX a XXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX nature of XXXXXXXXXXXX which 'XXXX the XXXXXXXXXXX' compels XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX innovative solutions and XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (such as XXX International XXXXXXXXXXXX Partnership XXXXXXX XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX (XXXXXX) XXX XXX UN Global XXXXXXX on XXXXXXXXXX) in order XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX execute a response against cyberattacks. XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX governmental actors must XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX and transparent in their XXXXXXXX to fend XXX cyber XXXXXXX and deal XXXX the risks from shadowy and XXXXXXXXX assaults by cyber XXXXXXX.</p><p>XXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX how XXXXX war XX global XXX is XXXXXXX a reality. XXXX suggests XXXX the XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX breaches are XXXXXXX present, XXX implies XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX nongovernmental XXXXXX, XXXX XX Maersk (a major victim XX XXXXX-XXXXXXX) and XXX XXXXXXXX banking XXXXXX, XXXX XXXX their XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX ahead XX the XXXX XXX 'prepare XXXXX battlefield XXXXXXXX' in order to ward off XXXXXXXXX effects XXXX XXXXXXX by XXX XXXXX XX another. XXXX XX especially critical given that XXXXXXX and XXXXXXX can spread from their XXXXXXXX target XX strike XXXXX XXXXXXX.</p> <p>XX XXXXXXXXXX, Clarke's takeaways on XXXXX XXXXXXX thatcyber XXX XX XXXX, XXXX it XX XXXXXX, that it XXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXX, that it has XXXXXXX XXXXX and XXXX it XXXXXXX XX XXX speed of light XXXX tremendous XXXXXXXXXXXX for policymakers, XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, nongovernmental XXXXXX and governments. XXXXX XXXXXX must XXXX quickly, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX collaboratively to manage the significant XXXXX from cybersecurity XXXXXXXX XXX cyber warfare.</p> <p>[1] XXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXX, and XXXXXX X. XXXXX.<em>Cyber XXX</em>. Tantor XXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX, 2014.<br></p><p>References:</p><p>Andress, Jason, XXX Steve XXXXXXXXXX.<i>XXXXX XXXXXXX: techniques, XXXXXXX and XXXXX for security practitioners</i>. Elsevier, XXXX.<br></p><p>Carr, XXXXXXX.<i>XXXXXX cyber XXXXXXX: Mapping XXX cyber XXXXXXXXXX</i>. " X'Reilly XXXXX, Inc.", 2011.<br></p><p>XXXXXX, XXXXXXX Alan, and XXXXXX K. Knake.<em>Cyber XXX</em>. XXXXXX Media, Incorporated, 2014. </p><p>Lindsay, Jon X. "XXXXXXX XXX the limits XX cyber warfare."<i>Security XXXXXXX</i>22, XX. X (2013): XXX-XXX.<br></p><p><br></p>">
