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Outline and discuss Clarke’s assessment that the
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<p>These takeaways are important as they define how this emerging area of warfare has reshaped how conflicts between governmental and non-governmental actors are executed, and have significant implications for how governmental and non-governmental actors can fight against cyberattacks.</p><p>Foremost, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX and significant impact of XXXXXXXXXXXX on XXX victims. The crippling XX a Syrian nuclear XXXXXXXX, Georgian banks and American websites XX XXXXX purported Israeli, XXXXXXX and XXXXX Korean perpetrators show XXX XXXXXXXXXXX speed and magnitude XX XXX impact XX a XXXXXXXXXXX on its XXXXXXX. This XXXXXXX that XXXXXXX seeking XX XXXXX against XXXXXXXXXXXX must be able XX respond with similar speed XXX XXXXX, through robust XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX industry leaders such XX Symantec and XXXXXX, in order XX repel XXXXXXX by third parties.</p><p>XXXXXXXX, Clarke XXXXXXXXX how XXXXX war XX XXXXXX and XXXXX the battlefield. XXXX implies XXXX its XXXXXXXXXXXX are XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX trace to their XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX handiwork, whether they be XXXXXXXXXXXX or XXX-governmental XXXXXX. Furthermore, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX existing weapons, such as militaries, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, anti-XXXXXXXXX missile defences XXX nuclear weapons, XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX impotent by these XXXXX attacks. The XXXXXXXXXX-digital XXXXXX XX most conventional XXXXXXX XXXXXXX allows them XX XX infiltrated XXX XXXXXXXXXXX by a variety XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XX a result, XXX global nature XX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX 'skip XXX XXXXXXXXXXX' XXXXXXX defenders XX employ innovative XXXXXXXXX XXX multilateral XXXXXXXXXX (such XX XXX International XXXXXXXXXXXX Partnership XXXXXXX Cyber-XXXXXXXXX (XXXXXX) XXX the UN Global Program XX Cybercrime) in order to XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and execute a XXXXXXXX against cyberattacks. Governmental and non XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX must be collaborative XXX XXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX attempts to fend XXX cyber XXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX hackers.</p><p>Finally, Clarke notes how XXXXX XXX XX global and is already a reality. XXXX suggests XXXX XXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX breaches are already present, and XXXXXXX that governmental XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX actors, such as XXXXXX (a XXXXX victim XX cyber-attacks) and XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX sector, XXXX XXXX their cybersecurity XXXXXXXX XXXXX XX XXX XXXX XXX 'prepare XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX' in order XX ward XXX XXXXXXXXX effects from attacks XX one XXXXX XX another. XXXX is especially critical given XXXX malware XXX XXXXXXX can spread from XXXXX original XXXXXX XX strike XXXXX targets.</p> <p>XX conclusion, Clarke's XXXXXXXXX on XXXXX attacks thatcyber XXX is real, that it XX global, XXXX it skips XXX battlefield, that it has XXXXXXX XXXXX and XXXX it XXXXXXX at XXX XXXXX XX XXXXX have XXXXXXXXXX implications XXX policymakers, cybersecurity experts, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX. These actors must move quickly, effectively and collaboratively XX manage XXX significant risks from cybersecurity breaches XXX cyber warfare.</p> <p>[X] XXXXXX, Richard XXXX, XXX XXXXXX X. Knake.<em>Cyber war</em>. XXXXXX XXXXX, Incorporated, 2014.<XX></p><p>XXXXXXXXXX:</p><p>XXXXXXX, Jason, and Steve Winterfeld.<i>Cyber warfare: XXXXXXXXXX, tactics XXX tools XXX security practitioners</i>. XXXXXXXX, 2013.<XX></p><p>Carr, Jeffrey.<i>XXXXXX cyber XXXXXXX: XXXXXXX XXX cyber underworld</i>. " X'Reilly XXXXX, Inc.", 2011.<br></p><p>XXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXX, XXX Robert K. XXXXX.<em>XXXXX XXX</em>. XXXXXX XXXXX, Incorporated, 2014. </p><p>XXXXXXX, Jon X. "XXXXXXX XXX XXX limits of cyber XXXXXXX."<i>Security Studies</i>22, XX. X (2013): 365-XXX.<br></p><p><XX></p>">
