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<p>The fourth agency XX the X.S. military XXXXX XXXXXXXX drug interdiction efforts at both the XXXXX and XXXXXXX XXXXX by XXXXXXXXX, "XXX and ground XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX assessments, intelligence XXXXXXXX and linguists, transportation XXX engineering XXXXXXX" (Levinthal, 2012). XX XXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX some civilian officers a variety of skills that can be XXXXXXXX XX XXXX in XXXXXXX-XXXX operations (XXXXXXXXX, 2012).</p> <p><strong>X. XXXXXXX XXX controversial issues XXXXXXX to XXX enforcement XXXXXXXXX as XXXXXXXXX in your XXXX. Be sure XX include XXX "drug courier XXXXXXX", X.S. XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX, and XXX XXXX significant XXXXXXXXX XX XXXX-courier profiling XXXXXXX.</strong></p> <p>To help XXXXXXXX possible drug smugglers, XXXX-XXX XXXXXXXXXXX agents developed what XXXX called, “XXXX courier profiles”. XXX original XXXXXXXXX behind the XXXXXXXX was XX XXX it XX XXXXXXXX those XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXX to commit XXXX trafficking XXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXX that officers were open to their own perceptions when XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXX. In United States v. XXX XXXXX (XXXX), which XX the XXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXX XXX drug XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXX were several XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX listed XXXX caused XXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXX some form XX suspicion. XXXXXXX, XX XXX court cases XXXX challenged, the number of characteristics became XXXXXX which ultimately allowed XXXXXX enforcement to XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX passengers XXXXXXXXX by air (XXXXX, n.d.). </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXXX concerning profiling XXXX law enforcement XXXXX XXXX the fact XXXX XXXX law XXXXXXXXXXX officers XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX based XX XXX individual’s XXXX or XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX an XXXXXXXX XXXXXX. Common XXXXXXXXXX revolved around racial XXXXXXXXX, which XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX did XXX XXX the social XXXXXX. XXX example, an African American XXXX XXXXXXX an expensive XXXXXXX would XX stopped more often XXXX a XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX the XXXX car. Despite XXX controversy, there are some XXXXXXXX who XXXXXX XXXXXX profiling claiming that XXXXXXX Americans, Latinos, Asians XXX other minorities XXX more XXXXXX to XX in XXXXXXXXXX of illegal drugs than XXXXXX. However, through XXXXXXX different studies, XXXXX was no viable information that would XXXX this XXXXX XXXX. XXXXX a Justice XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in 2003, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX in all federal XXXXXXXX XXXX law enforcement (Levinthal, XXXX).</p> <p><XXXXXX>4. Give an overview XX the two types of XXXXXXXXXXX: criminal forfeitures XXX civil XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, how and XXXX used, XXX any safeguards or XXXXXXXXXXX used in XXXX.</strong></p> <p>XXXXXXXXX XX XXX U.S. XXXXXXXXXX XX Justice (XXXX), there are actually XXXXX types XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX that include XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, civil judicial XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX forfeiture. Criminal forfeiture XXXXXX when XXX XXXXX takes personal property or XXXX estate XXXXXXX XX its XXXXXXXXXXXX to some XXXX of XXXXXXXX activity. Every state XX XXXXXXXXX with XXXX XXXXXX their own XXXX and XX XXXXX XX XXX XXXXX or crimes XXXXXXXXX and the laws XX XXXX particular XXXXX in which XXX XXXXX was committed or XXXXX the property is XXXXXXX. An XXXXXXX would XX a XXXXX seizing a car that XXX used in XXX XXXXXXXXXX of a crime (XXXXXX, XXXX). </p> <p>XXXXX forfeiture is like XXX criminal XXXXXXXXXX, however, in a civil forfeiture, XXX action XX XXXXXXX against the property XXXX. XXXXXXX for XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX must XXXXXXX XX a preponderance of the evidence that a solid relationship between the XXXXXXXX and illegal activity XXX XXXXXXXX in order to XXXXXXX XXX forfeiture (Larson, XXXX). XX example XXXXX be XXXXXX XXXXXXXX to be XXXX selling illegal XXXXX. </p> <p>XXXXXXX form of the XXXXX judicial XXXXXXXXXX is XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (XXXXXX, 2018). XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX states that an administrative forfeiture is, "an <i>in rem</i> XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX the federal XXXXXXX XXXXXX to forfeit the property without judicial XXXXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXXXX for a seizing agency to start an administrative forfeiture XXXXXX is found in XXX Tariff XXX of XXXX, 19 U.S.C. § 1607. XXXXXXXX that XXX be administratively forfeited is XXXXXXXXXXX XXX importation of XXXXX is XXXXXXXXXX; a conveyance used XX XXXXXX, transport, or XXXXX a XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX; a monetary XXXXXXXXXX; or other XXXXXXXX XXXX does not XXXXXX $500,000 in XXXXX" (XXXXX of Federal XXXXXXXXXX, 2017). </p> <p>XXXXXXXXX<br></p> <p>XXX XXXXXXXX, State & Local Task Forces. (n.d.). Retrieved June 08, XXXX, XXXX <span XXXXX="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://XXX.XXX.gov/XXX/taskforces.XXXXX">https://XXX.dea.XXX/ops/taskforces.shtml</a></span> </p> <p>Larson, A. (2018, April 13). XXXXXX XXX. Retrieved June 09, 2018, from <a href="https://www.XXXXXXXXX.com/library/XXXXXXXX/forfeiture.html">https://www.XXXXXXXXX.com/XXXXXXX/criminal/forfeiture.XXXX</a> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXX, X. F. (2012). Drugs, XXXXXXX, XXX criminal XXXXXXX (3rd ed.). Boston: Prentice XXXX. </p> <p>Lopez, A. B. (n.d.). Origins XX the Drug Courier XXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXX XXXX X, 2018, from <span XXXXX="MsoHyperlink"><a XXXX="http://XXXXXX.org/index.XXX?option=com_content&XXXX=article&id=XXX:XXXXXXX-XX-the-XXXXXXXX&XXXXX=XXX&Itemid=XXX">XXXX://racism.XXX/index.php?XXXXXX=XXXXXXXXXXX&view=XXXXXXX&id=XXX:XXXXXXX-of-the-drug2012&catid=130&XXXXXX=XXX</a></span> </p> <p>Types XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. (XXXX, February X). XXXXXXXXX June 9, 2018, XXXX <a href="XXXXX://XXX.justice.gov/afp/types-XXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX">https://www.XXXXXXX.XXX/XXX/XXXXX-XXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX</a> </p> <p>XXXXXX XXXXXX v. XXXXX, 556 X. 2d 385 - XXXXX of Appeals, XXX XXXXXXX XXXX </p>">
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