1. Explain the difference between instrumental and recreational drug use and the difference between licit and illicit drugs.
Drug use can be broken into four categories. The first being legal instrumental, meaning the use of prescription drugs exactly as they were prescribed. An example of a legal instrumental drug would be medication prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of diabetes. The second category is illegal instrumental drug use, meaning that drugs are being ingested without a prescription for instrumental purposes, such as a student taking something to stay awake to study. The third category is legal recreational drugs such as alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, etc. and the fourth category is illegal recreational drugs. Drugs under this category are taken for pleasure andinclude such drugs as cocaine, crack,heroin, etc. (Crime and Social Deviance, n.d.).
The difference between licit and illicit drugs is that licit is lawful and illicit us unlawful. Licit drugs include any drug thatis obtained legally such as prescriptions or over the counter. Illicit drugs are unlawful and include drugs like cocaine, crack, heroin and ecstasy (Licit vs Illicit Drug Use, 2016). It should be noted that over the counter (OTC) drugs can be just as potentially harmful as illegal drugs. Some OTC drugs include caffeine pill, which some people take to "stay awake", however, too much caffeine can be fatal. Another frequently taken drug is laxatives, though it is not talked about much, anorexics take laxatives in anattempt to lose weight. As a matter of fact, 10 to 60% of those with eating disorders abuse laxatives (Brande, n.d.).
X. Describe three XX XXX several ways drugs XXX be XXXXXXXXXXXXto XXX body. XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXX and disadvantages of XXXX XX XXXX XXXX respect XX XXXXXXXX, XXXX effects, XXX how drugs XXXX the body.
XXXXX ways that drugs can XX given is orally through XXXXXXXXXX or inhaling, absorption through the XXXX XXX through an intravenous. XXXXX XXXXX orally are normally in the form XX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX. XXXX is XXXXXXXX XXX XXXX convenient, XXXXcost-effective XXX XXXXXX form of medications. Disadvantages XX XXXX type of drugare that absorption XXXXX begin in XXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, XXXX are absorbed from XXX XXXXX intestine, meaning XXXX it XXXXX much XXXXXX to XXXXX the intended target. Absorption through the XXXX, called transdermal XX delivered XXXXXXX the XXXX via XXXXX XXXXXX XX XXX skin. XXX drugs are XXXXX XXXXX XXXX a chemical that XXXX in XXX penetration XXXXXXX XXX XXXX into XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX having to go XXXXXXX an intravenous injection. XXX downside to this method XX that the XXXX may XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX to the adhesive thatXXXXX it in XXXXX. To administer XXXXXXXXXXXXX, a XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX directly XXXX a XXXX containing XXX drug XXXX XXX be a XXXXXX XXXX or perhaps a continuous drip typically XXXX in XXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX a slight XXXXX XXXX initially inserting theXXXXXX, XXXXX XXX be XXXX XXXXXXXX and signs XX irritation based XX the XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXX XXXXX (Lee, n.d.).
XXX XXXXX XXXXX will leave the body in time, XXXXXX there are XXXXXXX factors that determine how fast it will leave the body. Most drugs XXX XXXXXXXXXX through XXXXX by XXX XX XXX kidneys, XXXXXXX, the XXXXXXX XX urine XXX affect the rate at XXXXX it XX eliminated. Other XXXX that medication XXXXXX the body XX XXXXXXX XXXX, which is XXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXX and XXXXXX in XXX gallbladder, through feces, XXXXXX, XXXXX, XXXXXX milk XXX exhaled air (Lee, "Drug XXXXXXXXXXX", n.d.).
X. Summarize XXX Controlled XXXXXXXXXX Schedules. Make XXXX XX include XXXXX potential for abuse, the potential for XXXXXXXXX use, and XXX XXXXX of physical and psychological XXXXXXXXXX.XXXX, include an example XX a XXXX XXXX each level.
According XX XXX Drug XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (XXX), which was founded in 1973 XX XXXXXXX XXX controlled XXXXXXXXXX law XXX regulation of XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX, drugs and XXXXX substances used to create XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX 5 schedules XXXXX XX XXX XXXX's XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX potential for drug abuse and XXXXXXXXXX. Schedule I XXXXX XXX considered XX XXXX XX accepted medical use XXX XXXX have a XXXX potential for abuse and the likelihood of developing a XXXXXXXXXX. XX includes XXXX XXXXX XX heroin, XXXXXXX,XXX marijuana. XXXXXXXX II XXXXX XXXX a severely elevated XXXXXXXXX for abuse, that can XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX a dependency. XXXXXXXX include Vicodin, OxyContin,and Adderall. Next XX XXXXXXXX III drugs that have a low XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX creating a dependency XXX XXXXXXXX drugs like Tylenol with XXXXXXX XXX anabolic steroids. Schedule IV drugs have a low XXXXXXXXX XXX abuse with a low risk XX XXXXXXXXXX. Drugs XXXXXXXX in this category are XXXXX, XXXXXX, and XXXXXX. XXX last XXXXXXXX XX Schedule X which has XXX lowest XXXXXXXXX for XXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX cough medication like XXXXXXXXXX (XXX: XXXX XXXXXXXXXX, n.d.).
I XXXXXXXXXX that XXXXXXXXX XX still XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX I find it interesting that XXX XXX has marijuana XXXXXX XXXXX Schedule I with heroin, XXX some XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX use of marijuana XXX recreational use. I XXXX never XXXX any types of theXXXX but XXcourse, XXXX most, I have heard stories and I XXXXXX thought XXXX XXXXXX is far XXXX dangerous XXXX XXXXXXXXX.
4. Explain XXXX US XXXXXXXXXX agency XXXXXXX data XXXXXXXXXX drug-related medical XXXXXXXXXXX in hospitals. XX XXXX XX include the agency's XXX major XXXXXXXX, XXX seven major XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX XX XXXXX 2 XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX emergencies XXXXXXXX.
XXX XX XXXXXXXXXX agency that gathers data XXXXXXXXXX XXXX-XXXXXXX medical emergencies in XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX Drug XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX (XXXX). It is nationally XXXXXXXXXX surveillance XXXXXX that XXXXXXXX XXXdrug-related visits to hospital emergency departments. The XXXXXX's XXX major XXXXXXXX XXX the XXXXXX XX XXXXX an XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX an emergency department XXX XXX XXXXXX XX XXX number XX XXXX-XXXXXXX deaths, as XXXXXXXXXX by a XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXX most frequently addressed major XXXXXXXXXXXXX are XXXXXXX drugs XXXX alcohol XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX with medications, XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX medications, XXXXXXX drugs XXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX, alcohol only, and medications only (Levinthal, 2012).
XX XXXX, DAWN XXXXXXXXX XXXX out of XXX XXX drug XXXXXX or abuse visits XX XXX XXXXXXXXX Department XXXXX X.XX million XXXXXX or 51% involved XXXXXXX drugs; 51% involved thenonmedical use of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XX% XXXXXXXX drugs combined XXXX alcohol ("Drug Abuse Warning Network", 2013). XX XXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX 65% XX XXXXXXXXX Department visits were linked to a XXXXXX drug type; either illicit drugs, XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Taking XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX an Emergency XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX appear in multiple groups, DAWN XXXXXXXX that of all drug XXXXXX, XX% of XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX thenonmedical XXX of pharmaceuticals; 50% involved in XXXXXXX drugs XXX 30% XXXXXXXX alcohol (XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX Health XXXXXXXXXX, n.d.)
5. XXXXXXX at least XXXXX XXXXXXXX that need to be present for substance dependence according to the XXX-IV. XXXXXXX XXX XXXX an example XX each of the four XXXXXXXX used XX XXXXXX drug abuse according XX XXX DSM-IV.
XXXXX criteria that need to XX XXXXXXX for XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX the DSM-XX are withdrawal, XXXXXXXXX, use of larger XXXXXXX for a longer XXXXXX, XXXXXXXX attempts to XXXX, XXXXXXXX XXX psychological XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXX XXX giving XX XXXXXXXXXX XX use (XXXXX, O'Brien, Auria-XXXXX, Borges, Bucholz, XXXXX &XXX; Budney, XXXX). DSM-IV defines substance withdrawal XX “XXX XXXXXXXXXXX of a substance-specific maladaptive XXXXXXXXXX change, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, that XX XXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXX XX, or reduction in, heavy or XXXXXXXXX substance use”. XXX example, XXXXXXX XXX XXX result in XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX, frightening dreams, insomnia, XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX appetite. XX the other XXXX, opioid withdrawal can XXXXX XXXXXX or XXXXXXXX, muscle aches, pupillary dilation, piloerection, profuse XXXXXXXX, diarrhea, yawning, insomnia and fever (XXXXXX & XXXXXXXX, 2008).
Tolerance is created XXXX one XXXXX a XXXX XXX so long XXXX their body XX no longer XXXXXXXX, and they need XXXX and more to XXX XXX XXXXXX. This XXX lead to XXXXXX larger XXXXXXX for XXXXXX XXXXXXX of XXXX (XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX on XXXX XXXXX, n.d.). Repeated attempts XXXself-XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX a user tries unsuccessfully XXXXXXX times to XXXX their habit. Changes in XXXXXXXX XXXX as the failure to complete XXXXXXXXXXX XX work or school, XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX absences, XXXXXXX a vehicle while XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX in XXXXXXX XXXX the XXX, becoming physically XXXXXXXX or violent, XXXXXXXXXX children, and XXXX hygiene XXpotential because XX XXXX XXX and the appropriate XXXXXX should be taken (XXXX Abuse and XXXXXXXXX, n.d.).
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