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FISICA AVANSADA
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</li></ul> <h3>c. singularidades</h3> <p>en rg, bajo condiciones realistas (como colapso gravitacional), aparecensingularidades(ej: centro de agujeros negros, big bang) donde la curvatura tiende a infinito. la mq debería regularizar estas singularidades, pero no lo hace porque la gravedad no está cuantizada.</p> <XX>X. XXX qué XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX a la XXXXXX de XXXXXX</h2> <p>XXXXXXXXXX de planckes:</p> <p><span XXXXX="katex-display XX-XXXXXXXX-math"&XX;<span class="XXXXX">&XX;span XXXXX="katex-mathml">XX=XXXX≈1.616×XX−XXX&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="katex-XXXX" aria-hidden="XXXX"><span XXXXX="base"&XX;<span class="XXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="mord">&XX;span class="XXXX"&XX;X</span&XX;&XX;span class="msupsub"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX-t XXXXX-t2"><span class="vlist-r">&XX;span class="XXXXX">&XX;span class="pstrut">&XX;/span&XX;<span class="sizing reset-size6 XXXXX mtight"&XX;<i>p</i></span&XX;</span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="vlist-s"&XX;</span></span&XX;<span XXXXX="vlist-r">&XX;span class="vlist">&XX;/span>&XX;/span></span&XX;</span&XX;</span&XX;<span class="XXXXXX"&XX;</span><span class="XXXX">=</span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="mspace"&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="base"&XX;<span class="strut"></span><span XXXXX="XXXX sqrt"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX-t vlist-XX">&XX;span XXXXX="vlist-r">&XX;span class="vlist"&XX;&XX;span class="svg-align"><span XXXXX="XXXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="mord"&XX;&XX;span class="mord"><span class="XXXXX nulldelimiter"&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;span class="XXXXX"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="vlist-t XXXXX-t2"><span XXXXX="vlist-r">&XX;span class="XXXXX">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"&XX;</span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX"><span XXXXX="mord"&XX;<i>c</i>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXXX"><span class="vlist-t">&XX;span class="XXXXX-r"><span class="vlist">&XX;span XXXXX="pstrut"></span>&XX;span class="sizing XXXXX-size6 size3 mtight"&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX XXXXXX">3&XX;/span>&XX;/span>&XX;/span>&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;/span&XX;</span></span>&XX;span class="pstrut"></span><span XXXXX="frac-line"></span>&XX;span class="XXXXXX"></span>&XX;span class="XXXX"&XX;<span class="mord">X</span><i>g</i>&XX;/span>&XX;/span><span XXXXX="vlist-s"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXXX-r"><span XXXXX="XXXXX"&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span&XX;</span&XX;<span class="XXXXXX nulldelimiter">&XX;/span>&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="pstrut"&XX;&XX;/span><span class="hide-tail"><br>&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span></span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span>&XX;/span&XX;</span>&XX;/span&XX;</p><p><span class="vlist-s"&XX;</span&XX;<span XXXXX="vlist-r"&XX;&XX;span class="vlist">&XX;/span>&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="mspace"&XX;</span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="mrel">≈&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"&XX;</span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX">&XX;span XXXXX="strut"&XX;</span><span XXXXX="XXXX">1.XXX&XX;/span><span XXXXX="XXXXXX"></span&XX;<span class="mbin">×</span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"></span></span&XX;<span XXXXX="base"&XX;&XX;span class="strut">&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="mord">1</span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;<span XXXXX="mord"&XX;X</span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXXXX"><span XXXXX="vlist-t"><span XXXXX="XXXXX-r"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="vlist"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="pstrut"></span><span XXXXX="sizing reset-XXXXX size3 XXXXXX">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX XXXXXX"&XX;<span XXXXX="mord XXXXXX"&XX;−&XX;/span><span class="mord XXXXXX"&XX;XX</span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span>&XX;/span>&XX;/span></span&XX;</span>&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="mord XXXX">m</span&XX;&XX;/span></p> <p>XXXXXXXX de planck:</p> <p>&XX;span XXXXX="katex-display ds-markdown-math">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX"&XX;<span XXXXX="katex-XXXXXX"&XX;tp=ℓpc≈5.391×XX−XXX</span&XX;<span class="katex-html" XXXX-XXXXXX="XXXX"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="base">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX">&XX;/span>&XX;span class="mord"&XX;<i>t</i><span class="XXXXXXX"><span class="XXXXX-t XXXXX-XX"><span class="vlist-r"&XX;&XX;span class="vlist"><span class="pstrut"&XX;</span><span XXXXX="XXXXXX XXXXX-XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX"&XX;<i>p</i></span>&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXX-s"&XX;</span>&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXXX-r"><span class="XXXXX"&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span&XX;</span&XX;</span><span class="mspace"></span>&XX;span class="XXXX"&XX;=&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;</span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="strut"&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;span class="mord"><span class="mopen XXXXXXXXXXXXX"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXX"><span XXXXX="XXXXX-t vlist-t2"><span XXXXX="XXXXX-r"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="vlist">&XX;span class="XXXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;<i>c</i>&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXXXX"&XX;</span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX-line"></span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"&XX;</span>&XX;span class="XXXX"><span class="XXXX"><span XXXXX="mord"&XX;ℓ</span><span XXXXX="XXXXXXX"&XX;<span XXXXX="vlist-t XXXXX-t2"><span XXXXX="XXXXX-r"&XX;<span class="XXXXX">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"&XX;</span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX reset-XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX"&XX;<i>p</i>&XX;/span&XX;</span>&XX;span class="vlist-s"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXXX-r">&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX"&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span></span&XX;</span></span&XX;&XX;/span></span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXXX-s"></span&XX;</span>&XX;span XXXXX="vlist-r">&XX;span XXXXX="vlist"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;/span><span class="XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX"></span>&XX;/span><span class="mspace"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXX"&XX;≈</span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;span class="base"><span XXXXX="XXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX">5.391</span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="mspace">&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="mbin">×&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="mspace">&XX;/span&XX;</span><span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;<span XXXXX="strut"&XX;&XX;/span>&XX;span class="mord">X&XX;/span&XX;<span class="XXXX"&XX;<span class="mord"&XX;X</span&XX;<span XXXXX="msupsub"><span class="XXXXX-t"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="vlist-r">&XX;span XXXXX="vlist"&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXXXX reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX XXXXXX"&XX;−&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXX mtight">XX</span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span></span>&XX;/span></span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXX XXXX">s&XX;/span>&XX;/span>&XX;/span></span>&XX;/span&XX;<XX></p><h3>a. XXXXX de la relatividad XXXXXXX</XX> <XX><li><p>a escalas<span class="katex"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="katex-mathml"&XX;∼ℓp&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="katex-html" XXXX-XXXXXX="true"&XX;<span class="base">&XX;span XXXXX="strut"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="mrel"&XX;∼&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX">&XX;/span>&XX;/span&XX;<span XXXXX="base"&XX;<span XXXXX="XXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="mord"&XX;<span XXXXX="mord"&XX;X&XX;/span&XX;<span class="msupsub"><span class="XXXXX-t XXXXX-XX"&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXX-r"&XX;<span class="XXXXX"&XX;<span XXXXX="pstrut"></span>&XX;span class="XXXXXX XXXXX-XXXXX size3 mtight"><i>p</i>&XX;/span>&XX;/span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXX-s"&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span&XX;<span class="XXXXX-r"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="vlist"&XX;</span></span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span></span>, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX cuánticas del XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX del orden XXX 100%.</p></li><li><p>el XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX de una XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX sentido: el espaciotiempo podría volverseespumoso(espuma cuántica de XXXXXXX) o XXXXXXXX.</p></li><li><p>la rg XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX distancias y tiempos con XXXXXXXXX arbitraria, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX de incertidumbrelo prohíbe a estas XXXXXXX.</p></li></XX> <XX>b. XXXXX de la XXXXXX XXXXXXXX de campos</h3> <ul><li><p>la XXX convencional XXXXXX XXX XXX partículas se propagan en unespaciotiempo fijo y XXXXXXX.</p></li><li><p>a escalas de XXXXXX, laretroacciónde XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX de energía sobre la geometría es XXXXXX; no se puede XXXXXXX la dinámica del espaciotiempo.</p></li><li><p>XXX XXXXXXXX de XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX a un espaciotiempo plano (XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX) fallan porque XXX correcciones XXXXXXXXXXXXX divergen.</p></li></XX> <h3>c. el XXXXXXXX de la XXXXXX</XX> <p>XX rg, XXXXX la geometría requiere XXXXXXX y XXXXXXXX; XX XX, medir afecta XX sistema. a escala de planck,medir la geometría con XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX tanta energía que XXXXXXX XX agujero negro(límite de ckn – XXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX.), lo XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX intrínsecamente XX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX.</p> <XX>X. enfoques hacia XXX teoría de gravedad XXXXXXXX</h2> <XX>XXXXXX de XXXXXXX</XX> <XX><li><p>XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX puntuales XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX.</p></li><li><p>la XXXXXXXX (gravitón) emerge como XXXX de XXXXXXXXX de la cuerda cerrada.</p></li><li><p>XXXXXXXXXXXXX dinámico surge de manera XXXXXXXXXXX.</p></li><li><p>problema: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX(10 o 26) y múltiples soluciones (XXXXXXXXX).</p></li></XX> <XX>XXXXXXXX cuántica de XXXXX (XXX)</h3> <XX><li><p>cuantiza XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX mediante redes de spin (estados cuánticos XXX espacio).</p></li><li><p>XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX de XXXXXX: XXXX y XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.</p></li><li><p>no XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX extra, pero aún no XXXXXXXX rg XX XXXXXX clásico en XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX.</p></li></XX> <XX>XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX</h3> <ul><li><p>gravedad cuántica causal(causal dynamical triangulations)</p></li><li><p>XXXXXXXXX XX conmutativa</p></li><li><p>XXXXXXX gauge de gravedad</p></li><li><p>ads/XXX(correspondencia holográfica): gravedad XX un volumen XXXXXXXX a XXXXXX cuántica sin gravedad XX XX frontera.</p></li></ul> <h2>X. XXXXXXXXXX</h2> <p>laincompatibilidadentre rg y XX es XXXXXXXX: una XXXXXXXXXXXX y XXXXXXX, la otra XXXXXXXXXX y XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXX. a XXXXXX de planck, ambas fallan XXXXXX:</p> <ol><li><p>la XX XX puede XXXXXXXXX las XXXXXXXXXXXXX cuánticas del XXXXXXXXXXXXX.</p></li><li><p>la mq XX puede XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX dinámico y XXXXX.</p></li>&XX;/ol> <p>una teoría completa XXXXXXXXXX cuánticadebe unificar XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, posiblemente XXXXXXXXX nuestra noción fundamental XXXXXXXXX, tiempo y XXXXXXXXXX.</p> <p>referencia breve para tarea: <em>“el conflicto XXXXX porque la XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX el XXXXXXXXXXXXX como un continuo XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX que la mecánica cuántica XXXXXXXX un XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX y XXXXXXXX de las XXXXXXXXXXXXX. a la XXXXXX de XXXXXX (&XX;span XXXXX="katex">&XX;span class="katex-XXXXXX"&XX;∼XX−XX</span><span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXX" aria-XXXXXX="true"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="base">&XX;span class="XXXXX"&XX;</span>&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;∼&XX;/span&XX;<span class="mspace"></span>&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXX">&XX;span class="XXXXX">&XX;/span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXX"&XX;X</span><span XXXXX="mord">&XX;span XXXXX="mord"&XX;0</span&XX;&XX;span class="XXXXXXX"><span XXXXX="vlist-t"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="vlist-r">&XX;span class="XXXXX"&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX"></span&XX;&XX;span XXXXX="XXXXXX XXXXX-XXXXX size3 mtight">&XX;span class="XXXX XXXXXX">&XX;span XXXXX="mord mtight"&XX;−</span&XX;<span class="XXXX XXXXXX">XX</span>&XX;/span&XX;&XX;/span&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span></span&XX;</span&XX;</span&XX;</span&XX;</span&XX;&XX;/span>m), las XXXXXXXXXXXXX cuánticas de la XXXXXXXXX son tan XXXXXXX XXX ni XX ni mq estándar pueden describirlas, necesitándose una XXXXXX cuantizada XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX.”</em></p>">
