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Political Science 100, 70 terms definition
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An </span><em>agreement</em><span class="st"> between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified</span>; an understanding less formal than a treaty between the U.S. (both the executive and legislative branch or just the executive branch) and the government of another country </p> <p>Line-item veto - A special type of veto that the president can use to strike the specific parts of the bill he or she dislikes without rejecting the entire bill </p> <p>Delegated powers of the President - Powers granted by Congress to help the president fulfill his duties; also called enumerated powers </p> <p>War Powers Resolution - <span class="tgc">A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress</span> </p> <p>Going public - A leadership strategy involving a variety of presidential speeches designed to reach a range of institutions and actors which attempt to influence the decisions, actions, and opinions of others through public engagement </p> <p>Executive order - A rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law </p> <p>Signing statement - <span class="tgc">A written pronouncement issued by the President of the United States upon the signing of a bill into law. They are usually printed along with the bill in United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCCAN)</span> </p> <p>White House Press Secretary – A senior official who oversees the communication of the executive branch of the government and who communicates on behalf of the U.S. president across print, broadcast, and Internet channels; the White House Press Secretary is appointed by the president<span></span></p><p>Judicial precedent – <span class="st">A legal case law establishing a principle or rule that a court or other judicial body may apply while deciding subsequent cases involving similar issues or facts</span> </p> <p>Public XXX - XXXX of XXX which governs relationships XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX the XXXXXXXXXX, XXX those relationships XXXXXXX individuals XXXXX XXX XX XXXXXX concern to society; XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX law, administrative law, XXX XXX and criminal law, as well XX all XXXXXXXXXX XXX </p> <p>XXXXXXX XXXXX Clerk - The XXXXXXX XX XXX Supreme XXXXX of XXX United XXXXXX responsible XXX overseeing filings XXXX the Court and maintaining dockets XXX XXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXX; The XXXX of XXX court XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX be confused XXXX XXX XXXXX's <i>law XXXXXX</i>, who assist the Justices by XXXXXXXXXX research, making XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX of opinions </p> <p>Writ XX certiorari - A XXXX XX XXXX, XXXXX for rare use, by XXXXX an XXXXXXXXX court XXXXXXX to review a case at its discretion; a XXXX that <span XXXXX="XXX">orders a lower court XX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX in a XXXX so that XXX higher court XXX review it</span> </p> <p>Amicus XXXXXX - <span class="XXX">Someone who XX XXX a XXXXX to a case and XX not solicited XX a party, but who assists a XXXXX by offering information that bears XX the case; XXXXXXXXX “friend of the court”</span> </p> <p>Dissenting opinion - An opinion in a XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX by XXX or XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX with the XXXXXXXX opinion of XXX XXXXX which gives XXXX XX its judgment </p> <p>XXXXXX School XXXX. v. XXXXXX - X landmark decision XX the United States XXXXXXX XXXXX involving XXXX speech in public XXXXXXX; High XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX Fraser was suspended from XXXXXX in XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX a XXXXXX including sexual double XXXXXXXXX at a XXXXXX assembly. XXX XXXXXXX Court XXXX XXXX his suspension XXX not XXXXXXX XXX First XXXXXXXXX<span></span><span></span></p><p>XXXX Literary XXXXXX Poll - XXX <i>Literary Digest</i> XXX XXX of XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX of the XXXX and XXX a XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXX elections that XXXXX XXXX to 1916. For the XXXX election, the <i>Literary Digest</i> prediction XXX that XXXXXX would XXX XX% XX the XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX's XX% (these are XXX <i>XXXXXXXXXX</i> that XXX poll XXXXXXXX). XXX actual XXXXXXX of the election were XX% XXX Roosevelt XXXXXXX 38% for Landon (XXXXX were the <i>parameters</i> the poll was XXXXXX to measure). XXX XXXXXXXX error in XXX <i>Literary XXXXXX</i> XXXX XXX a XXXXXXXX 19%, XXX XXXXXXX ever in a XXXXX public XXXXXXX XXXX. Practically XXX XX the XXXXXXXX XXXXX was XXX result XX sample bias </p> <p>XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX - Social XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX a cognitive bias (a XXXXXXX pattern or tendency to think a XXXXXXX way) in XXXXX XXXXXX respond to XXXXXXXXXXX in ways XXXX make them seem XXXX XXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXX XX others. XX XXXX XXXX, XXXXXX XXXX-report XXXXX XXXXXXXX behaviors or qualities XXXXX under-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX or negative XXXXXXXXX and qualities </p> <p>Top-of-XXX-XXXX response - <span class="XXXXXXXX">Response in which voters XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX views on XXXXXX XXX "winning" XXXX XX any given XXXX is determined XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX personal considerations; XXXXXX can have a XXXXXXXXXXX impact XX public opinion (if XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX people XXXXXXX, have XXX XXXXXXXXX XX public)</span> </p> <p>Push poll - <span XXXXX="st">A seemingly XXXXXXXX </span><em>survey</em><span class="st"> that XX actually XXXXXXXXX XX supporters XX a XXXXXXXXXX candidate that intends to disseminate XXXXXXXX or misleading XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX an XXXXXXXX. Its intent XX primarily to distribute XXXXXXXXXX rather than XX understand XXX XXXXX and opinions XX the XXXXXX</span><span class="st"></span></p><p>Constraint - The state XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX within XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXXX ignorance - <span class="st">Intentionally XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX on a XXXXX because XXX XXXX XX acquiring XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XXXX XXX estimated XXXXXXXXX benefits</span> </p> <p>Heuristic - X<span XXXXX="st">XXXXXXX a XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX or XXXXX something XXX themselves<XX></span></p><p><span class="st"></span></p><p>Equal time rule - U.S. XXXXX XXX television XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX provide an equivalent XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX opposing XXXXXXXXX candidates XXX request it. XXXX means, XXX example, XXXX XX a XXXXXXX gives a given XXXXXX of XXXX to a XXXXXXXXX in prime XXXX, it XXXX XX the same XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX requests it, at XXX same price XX applicable </p> <p>FCC - XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Commission; XX independent XXXXXX of XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX government XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, wire, XXXXXXXXX, XXX cable; The XXX works XXXXXXX six XXXXX in the areas of XXXXXXXXX, competition, the spectrum, the media, XXXXXX XXXXXX and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX modernizing itself </p> <p>XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX - XXX a policy XX the FCC introduced in 1949, that required the XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX licenses both XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX of XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and to do so in a XXXXXX that XXX&XXXXX;in the XXX’s view&XXXXX;honest, XXXXXXXXX, XXX balanced; The FCC XXXXXXXXXX the policy in 1987 and XXXXXXX XXX rule that XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX from XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX in August XXXX </p> <p>Yellow journalism - XXXXXXXXXX that XX XXXXX upon XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>Interpretive journalism – <span class="XXX">Journalism that goes beyond the XXXXX XXXXX of an XXXXX or topic XX provide XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX, XXX possible consequences</span></p><p>24-hour XXXX XXXXX - XX-hour XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX of XXXX (that has pros and XXXX); <span class="XXXXXXXXXXXX">XXXX XXXXXXX by time XXXXX XXX printing XXXXX XXXXXXXXX, news reporting XXX profoundly changed with XXX XXXXX XX digital XXXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX switched to 24-XXXX XXXX XXXXXX to XXXX XXX XXXXXXX need to XXXXXXX XXX most XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXX hour XX every day.</span> </p> <p>Agenda-setting - process XXXXXXX XXX XXXX media determine XXXX XX XXXXX XXX worry about </p> <p>XXXXXXX - Framing XXXXXX suggests that how XXXXXXXXX is XXXXXXXXX to the audience (XXXXXX “XXXXXXXX”) influences XXX XXXXXXX people make about how to XXXXXXX XXXX information; XXX media XXXXXXX attention XX certain XXXXXX XXX then XXXXXX them within a field XX XXXXXXX </p> <p>Priming - The process in which the XXXXX attend XX some issues and XXX others XXX XXXXXXX alter XXX standards XX which XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX candidates; X number of XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XX a dimension of XXXXXXXX media effects that XXXX beyond XXXXXX-setting<span></span></p><p>Civic duty - an action required XX law XXX a XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX </p> <p>Costs of XXXXXX - costs XXXXXXXXXX XXXX voting (such XX spending time XX register, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX schedules, getting XX XXX XXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXX information on the candidates) </p> <p>Microtargeting - <span class="tgc">A marketing XXXXXXXX that XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XX identify the interests of specific XXXXXXXXXXX or XXXX small XXXXXX of like-minded XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX or actions; XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX voters XXX identify XXXXXXXXX supporters</span> </p> <p>Prospective voting - The theory XX democratic elections in which voters XXXXXX XXXX the government XXXX do in XXX XXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX a certain political party with distinct stances on issues; <span class="XXXXXXXX">Voting based XX what a candidate XXXXXXX to XX in the future about an issue XX elected</span> </p> <p>Retrospective voting - Voting made after XXXXXX into XXXXXXXXXXXXX factors like the XXXXXXXXXXX of a XXXXXXXXX party, an officeholder, XXX/or the administration. XX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXX more concerned with XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX instruments; <span class="termtext">a theory of XXXXXX in XXXXX voters XXX: "XXXX have you done XXX XX XXXXXX?"</span> </p> <p>XXXXX Identification - The political party XXXX which an individual identifies XXX is XXXXXXX to; the XXXXXXXXX party XXXX an XXXXXXXXXX most XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX (by XXXXXX or XXXXX XXXXX) </p> <p>XXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX - A model XXXX XX theorists in XXXX disciplines, chiefly political science, to XXXXXXX decision XXXXXX among large groups XX people; X XXXXXX XXXXXXXX theory XXXX suggests that XXXXX identification XXXXXX XXX “XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX” XXXXXXX to XXXX XXXXXX; In this XXXXX party identification XX a XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>Issue voting - Voters XXXX their vote in elections based on political XXXXXX </p> <p>“V=p(X)-C” - A XXXXXXXXXXXX model XXXX to XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX where: </p> <p>V = the proxy for XXX probability XXXX XXX XXXXXXX vote </p> <p>p = XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXX “XXXXXXXXX” </p> <p>X = benefit XX XXXXXX </p> <p>X = costs of voting (XXXX/XXXXXX XXXXX) <span></span> <span XXXXX="st"></span></p><p>XXXXX-in-XXXXXXXXXX - <span class="XXXXXXXX">X political XXXXX XX it XXXXXX XXXX government officials that XXXXXXXX themselves as members of XXX party; </span>XXXXX who XXX office under XXX party label; <span class="st">the XXXXXXXXX XX considered XXX head XX his </span><em>party in government</em> </p> <p>Party-as-institution - XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX activists of a XXXXXXXXX XXXXX; <span class="XXXXXXXX">a XXXXXXXXX XXXXX as it XXXXXX with leaders, offices, XXXXX, and budget</span> </p> <p>XXXXXX primary - X XXXX XX XXXXXXX election in XXXXX a voter must XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX a political XXXXX in XXXXXXX XX the election date in order XX participate in that XXXXX's primary </p> <p>Jacksonian XXXXXXXXX - Jacksonian XXXXXXXXX XX the political movement XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX for XXX XXXXXX man typified XX XXXXXXXX politician Andrew XXXXXXX; XXXXXXXXXX democracy promoted the strength of XXX presidency XXX executive branch XX XXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX, XXXXX also XXXXXXX XX broaden the public’s XXXXXXXXXXXXX in government </p> <p>New Deal Coalition - XXX alignment XX XXXXXXXX groups and XXXXXX XXXXX in the XXXXXX XXXXXX that XXXXXXXXX XXX New Deal and voted XXX Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until the XXXX 1960s; an XXXXXXXX of voters who supported XXX's XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX; Political XXXXXXXXXX often refer to XXX XXX Deal XXXXXXXXX as XXX realignment XX XX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX to become XXX majority party in US Politics throughout the XXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXX Winning XXXXXXXXX - The fewest XXXXXX of XXXXXXX you need XX XXXXXXXX a legislative majority in a XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXXX party XXXXXXXXX - XX organization, officially affiliated with a XXXXXXXXX party XXX XXXXXXXXXX with the Federal XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (XXX), XXXXX XXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXX for XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX<span></span></p><p>XXXXXX-member XXXXXXXX (SMD) -<span XXXXX="st"> an electoral </span><em>district</em><span XXXXX="st"> XXXXXXXX only one XXXXXXXXXXXXXX to office; also sometimes XXXXXX XXXXXX-winner voting or winner XXXXX XXX</span> </p> <p>Plurality XXXXX – XXX XXXXXXXXX with XXXX XXXXX (XXX not necessarily majority XXXXX) wins the election </p> <p>XXXXXXXX XXXXXX - XX a majority runoff election, a XXXXXXXXX wins XXXXXXXX in the XXXXX XXXXX XX XXX or he XXXXXXX an absolute majority XX XXX votes. If no XXXXXXXXX wins in XXX first XXXXX, then a second round XX XXXX XXXXXXX XXX two candidates XXX have XXX most XXXXX-XXXXX votes. The winner of that round wins XXX XXXXXXXX </p> <p>List XXXXXXXXXXXX Representation (XX) - List PR XXXXXXXX each party XXXXXXXXXX a XXXX XX candidates XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX in each multi-XXXXXX electoral XXXXXXXX. Voters XXXX XXX a XXXXX, XXX parties XXXXXXX XXXXX in proportion XX XXXXX XXXXXXX share of XXX XXXX in XXX electoral district. XXXXXXX candidates are XXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXX in order XX their XXXXXXXX on the lists </p> <p>Duverger’s XXX - The XXXXXX that XXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXX systems XXXX XXX United States’ XXXX to favor the two major parties, making it very hard XXX a third party to XXX </p> <p>XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX - <span XXXXX="st">A body of XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX the voters in XXXX state to XXXXX the president XXX XXXX president of the U.S.</span> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXX elector - <span class="XXX">A XXXXXX of XXX United XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX College XXX does not vote for the presidential or vice-presidential candidate for XXXX XXXX XXX pledged to XXXX<XX></span></p><p><span class="XXX"></span></p><p>Ideological XXXXXXXXXXXX - Divergence XX XXXXXXXXX attitudes to the XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX; a big XXXXXXXXXX in ideologies XXXXX a XXXXX XX people; <span XXXXX="termtext">XXXX XXX XXXXXXXX ideological XXXXX feel XXXXXXXXX XXXXX an XXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX on</span> </p> <p>Party activist - Someone XXX XX aligned with a XXXXXXXXX, economic, or social XXXXX XXX who XXXXXXXX that XXXXX's XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXX - A XXXXXXX XX which partisan conversion, combined XXXX the XXXXXX XX XXX voters, XXX XXXX each party XXXX ideologically XXXXXXXXXX, even though Americans XX a a whole XXXX not changed XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX </p> <p>Parental socialization - The influence XX the parents’ worldview onto XXXXX XXXXXXXXX; XXXXX/XXX voters XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX experience XX help orient XXXXXXXXXX XX politics </p> <p>Self-XXXXXXXXX - XXXX individuals XXXXXX themselves into a group; XXX XXXX XX self-selection XXXX in XXXXX </p> <p>Political discussion XXXXXXX - The XXXXX XX XXXXXX with XXXXX an XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX; through the XXXXXXXX XX information XXX XXXXXXXX, these XXXXXXXX may influence one’s XXXX <span XXXXX="tgc"></span> </p><p><span></span> </p><p><span class="st"></span> </p><p><span class="st"></span> </p><p><span></span></p><p><span></span> </p><p><span XXXXX="st"></span> </p><p><span XXXXX="st"></span> </p><p><span></span> </p><p><span></span> </p>">
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