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Introduction
Prewar Japan is a period from the Tokugawa period to the Meiji period where the country underwent changes in the political scene and changes in governance from the shoguns back to the emperor with emperor Meiji hence the name Meiji period (McClain, p.152). These changes came at a time when there was influence from the west that brought about changes in the political and social settings of the country after the removal of laws that isolated japan from the rest of the world forcing the country to get into trade agreements with the west.
The result of this was a slow process into the democratization of the country creating awareness of human rights and the formation of a constitution with ideas from the west referred to as the Meiji constitution (Huffman, p.165).These changes were observed to interfere with the stability in the social and political setting of traditional japan. Consequently, they resorted to the formulation of policies that would hinder any sort of political disturbance. These laws were referred to as the peace preservation laws and their implementation began in the 1880s (Huffman, p.73). This paper discusses the peace preservation laws and highlights the impact it had on prewar japan.
Overview of the peace preservation laws
During the reign of imperialism in japan with Emperor Meiji, various laws were formulated to protect the interests of the emperor and the bureaucrats of the imperial regimes. These laws were enacted in three phases categorized as safety preservation which was the first of the laws formulated in 1894, laws regarding the conduct of the public and police enacted in 1900, and the last phase public security implemented in 1925 (Horton et al, p.36).
Safety preservation
This law was aimed at ensuring no politics were ongoing that would compromise imperialism in the country, formulated in 1894 they are arguably the most stringent laws in prewar Japan (Horton et al, p.36). This was in the period where japan had won the Sino Japanese war establishing its dominance in Asia and its colonial powers (Huffman p.89). The affected groups included the media who were restricted on what they could share with the public and abolition of political gatherings and speeches by individuals with a political aim. The law also gave powers to the officials to ensure any individual suspected of activities that would harm the imperialism to be banished from the country capital
Public order and police law
Rising activism towards the 1900s caused fear of an interruption in the stability in the country, consequently, laws regarding such movements were enacted in 1900. This law was focused on limiting the public’s freedom to express their woes, especially through labor movements as it was seen to bring up political agitation. Workers were banned from organizing demonstrations to air their complaints about working conditions, the law was also specific on gender as XXXXX were not XXXXXXX to enter XXXXXXXXX movements (Horton XX XX, p.36). The XXXXXX XXXX allowed to make arrests of any individuals XXX XXXX XXXXX in political XXXXXXXXXX or XXX XXXX of XXXXXXXXX that XXX XXXXXXXXX to ignite XXXXXXXXX tension.
XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXX law gave power XX XXX XXXXXX under XXXX mandates that were defined XX the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX police. The roles were XXXXXXXXXX into four main XXXXXXXXXX including XXX morals of XXX XXXXXX, matters concerning XXX nation at XXXXX, the XXXXXX XX the Japanese people, XXX their XXXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXX XXXX obligated to enhance the XXXXXX XX the XXXXXX XX ensuring no XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX made XX the people XXXXX XX XXX emperor in XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX, they XXXX mandated XX ensure XXX lives XX XXX people XXXX protected XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX healthy XXXXXXXXXX (Tipton, XX. XXX-134).
XXXXXXX XXXX XXX XX XXXXXX XXX socials standard of japan was XXXXXX XX working against any XXXXXXX that suggested an XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXX considered XXXXXXX and movements XXXXXX to cause XXXXXXXX of imperialism. XXXXXX, XXXX XXXX required XX XXXX XXXXX XX leftist’s activities including spying XX them XX XXXXXXX the XXXXXXX against XXXXXXXXXXX caused XX such XXXXXXXXX (Tipton, XX. 133-134). XXX police were regarded XXXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXX and the XXXXXX XXXXXX by a XXX of laws XXXX XXXXXX police XXXXXXX XXX stated power given to XXXX ”XXXXXX”. In XXXXXXXX to the XXXXXXX and XXX public, XXX police XXXX considered a XXXXX XX XXX people (children) on XXXXXX of the emperor XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX a parent to the nation.
XXXXXX security preservation
XXXXXXXXXXX XXX elites XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX themselves XXXXXXXXXXXXX under the XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX in XXX twentieth century XXXXXXXXX the XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX a new order under the XXXXXXX, XXXX cautious XX XXX uprisings XXXX would affect XXX emperor’s XXXXXX and imperialism in XXX country. Increased riots XXX XXXXX of activism XXXX XXXXXX to XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in XXX country. XXX elites XXX it XXX XX XXXX up with policies that would suppress XXX new wave XX thought in the country characterized by XXX ideas XX XXXXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX (Mitchell, p. XXX). XXX events leading to XXX formation XX XXX 1925 XXXX included the rising XXXXXXX's influence followed XX an XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX the death XX thousands of people which was interpreted by XXX people as an XXXXXXXXXX of XXX XXXX XXX change in society followed by a murder XXXXXXX on a XXXXXX of XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX(XXXXXXXX, p.XXX). XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XX form the laws “XXXXX XXXXXX” aimed at controlling the rising XXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXX public domain.
XXXX XXX XXX last of the peace preservation laws enacted in XXXX, the twentieth XXXXXXX across XXX world XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX political XXXXXXXXX with XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX major XXXX with XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in countries across XXX world. Japan was encroached XX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXX XXXXXXXXX tension brought about by anarchists resulted in movements threatening the XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX country (Horton et al, p.36). To tackle this, XXXX law was XXXXXXXXXX aimed XX XXXXXXXXXX XXX slowing down the influence XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX in the XXXXXXX, the law included punishment against those XXXXX guilty of such XXXXXXXXX involvements.
The XXX enacted in 1925 XXXXXXXX details XXXXXXXXX what was XXXXXXXXXX and XXXX XXX XXX with XXX focus XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX ”kokutai” XXXXXXX and preventing XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX. The list of XXXXXX punishable by the law include; XXXXXXXXXXX XXX engage in groups XXXXX intention XX to XXXXX XXXXXX XX XXX spirit of “XXXXXXX XXX support XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXX this XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of seven XXXXX, XXXXX XXX instigate XXX activities XXXXXX or XXXXXXX in them XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX people’s XXXXXXXX (XX to ten years imprisonment) XXX any XXXXXXXX activity that happens in the course of XXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX granted to XXXXX XXX surrender XXXXXXX involvement by XXX police(XXXXXXX p.XXX)
XXXXXX XX the laws
“Imperialist education”
Democracy XXXXXXX in earlier XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX following XXX implementation XX peace preservation laws. Imperialism XXX XXXXXXX XX it promoted XXXXXXXXX amongst the XXXXX however this XXXX at XXX cost of XXXX of freedom to XXXXXXX themselves. The impact XX XXXXX XXXX was XXXX in the education XXXXXX as what schools XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX XX imperialism XXXXX heroic was XXXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXXXX in schools XXX individuals XXXX XXXXXX XXXX a young age the importance XX being XXXXX XX the emperor and XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXX-sacrifice to XXX country. The XXXXX further facilitated XXX XXXXXXXXXX of the XXXXXX put XXXXXXX by the imperial government as all published XXXXXXXXX XXX press briefings XXXX XXXXXXXXX by XXX XXXXX preservation XXXX and XXXX were XXXX allowed to XXXXX the XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX and the laws to oppress XXX other forms of XXX XXXXXXXX (XXXXXX et al, pp.XX-27). XX a XXXXXX, XXX younger generation XXXX XX XXXXX embracing XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX fascist XXXXXXXXXX and grew XXXXX to XXX spirit of “XXXXXXX”
XXXXXX reforms
XXX XXXXXXXX government was aware of XXX impact XXX laws had on XXX XXXXXX XXX XXX controversial XXXXXXXX regarding XXX XXXXXXX XXXX were XXXX to XX a backward XXXXX XXXX XXX efforts the XXXXXXX XXX made XXXXXX democratization. Therefore, XX a way XX appeasing the intellectuals XXX the XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX the acceptable social XXXXXXX basing XX XXXX XXX elites and XXXXXXXXXX considered XXXXXXXXXXXX. This led to XXXXXX XXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXXX of peace XXXXXXXXXXXX laws, examples XX XXXX reforms included XXX XXXXXX practices XXXX XX abortion XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX basic XXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX in XXXXXX abolition XX sexually XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX” shunga”( XXXXXX, p.137. However, XXXX aspects XXXXXXXXXX unacceptable XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX could XXX XX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXX XXXX XX earlier XXXXX like the Tokugawa period and therefore XXXX measures XX XXXXXXX them were formulated. XXX example, XXXXXXXXXXXX continued XXXX laws XXXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXX XXX places acceptable for XXXX XXXXXXXXXX ‘shisho’ (XXXXXX, p.137).
The XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX reforms XXXXXXXXXX such XXXXXXX as XXXXXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXX led XX the rise XX places called cafes. XXXXX XXXXXX were XXXXXXXXXX used for the XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX where people met XX indulge in XXXXXXX delicacies XXXXX talking XXXXX political, social and other casual subjects, however, XXXX the confinement of prostitution XX XXXXXXXX locations, these places slowly XXXXXX into XXXXXX where individuals XXXX to XXXX XXX XXXXX members XX XXX XXXXXXX. The XXXX XX XXX XXXXXX XX waitresses XXXXXX concern XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXX XXX XXX XX the revocation XX XXX XXXXXXXX of XXXX XX XXXXX cafes XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (Tipton, p.XXX).
XXXXX XXXX XXXX operating XXXXXXX were XXXXXXXX by XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and a XXXXXXXXXXXXX to air their complaints XXXXXXXXX XXXXX arrests XXXXXXXX in further XXXXXXX as a result XX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX laws which prohibited XXX formation XX labor unions XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX types of XXXXXXXXX, one waitress XXX XXXXXXXX in XXXX following XXX involvement in labor demonstrations and XXXXXXX efforts to XXXXXXXXXXX XXX to XXX closure XX XXX café. (XXXXXX, p.145).
XXXXXXX XXXXXXX
The laws regarding public order XXXX XXX XXXXXX authority XX XXXX arrests of XXXXXX XXXXXXXX in social XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX of the intention XX it XXX XXXXX XX cause political agitation with XXX XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX ideas on communism and anarchism XXXX XXXXX pose a threat to XXX longevity of imperialism. Following the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX law, in XXXXX alone, XXX arrests were XXXX in places of XXXXXX gathering including XXXX and this number was XX XXX rise XXX XXX following years (Tipton, p.XXX). XXX XXXXXXXXXX defended XXX intentions in making these arrests XX purely bent XX ensuring XXXXXX XX XXX traditional XXXXX do XXX XXXXXXX XXX XX continuous influence by XXX west, however, scholars XX the XXXX XXXXX XXXX the control XX morals XXX only a way XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXX how XXXX XXXXXX XX avoid the emergence XX XXXXXXXXX ideas XXXX would XXXXXXXX imperialism XXXXXX XX “XXXXX” (XXXXXX, p.XXX).
With a XXXXX XXXXX but XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX and individuals, XXXXXXX XXXX made by XXX XXXXXX in places of XXXXXXXXXXXXX other XXXX cafes following XXXXX mandate XXXXXXXXX in the peace XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX. XXX instance, in 1938, the police XXXX 200 XXXXXXX in a single night (XXXXXX, p.145). XXX individuals XXXXXXXX XXXX found in XXXXX, XXXXX, and other social XXXXXX. These places were on the radar XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX places with the potential XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX more so to XXXXXXXX who XXXX XXXXXXX XX having XXXXXXX XX imperialism and XXXXXX in schools to adhere to XXX stories given of imperial heroism and the oppression XX communism XXX socialism. XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX thereby XXXXXXX changed the XXXXXX setting in japan with a focus on XXX XXXXX setting XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX motivation XXXXX the XXXXXXXXX to control the spread of political XXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXX (Tipton, p.146).
XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX facilitate XXXXXX activities
The police XXXX XX XXX center of peace preservation XXXX XX they were tasked with the execution XX the XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX XXX. XXXXX in an in-XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX with the XXXXXXX XX XXX top XXX the public at the bottom XXX XXXXXX took XXX duties XXXXXXXX in the “XXXXXX” XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXX to ensure XXX leftist's efforts were XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX in the country upheld. XX facilitate XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX available XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXX with the police duties. XXX XXXXXXXX, in 1887, the country left no XXXXX unturned in efforts XX facilitate communication between the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XXXX began XXXX XXX establishment of telephone, lines to enable the flow of XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX XXXXX XXX XXX relevant XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XX internal affairs and other key ministries, it was reported that XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX fully in XXXXXXXX these lines work. XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX necessary in XXXXXX XXX increasing arrests were XXX wagons the police used XX transport XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, to XXXXXX no XXXXXXXXXX are XXXXXXX in XXXX process XXX XXXXXXXXXX built XXXX wagons XXX the police to XXX (Huffman, p.73).
Oppression and torture XX activists
XXX prewar XXXXX in XXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX with lives going XX as XXXXX XXX XXXXX in XXXXXXX of the XXXXXXXXXXX government. However, XXXXX in XXXXXXX XX political reforms underwent difficulty with their XXXXXX infringed due XX the provisions XX XXX peace preservation XXXX. XXX instance, an activist at the XXXX, Tanno XXXXX recorded events XX the XXXXXX XXXX the XXXXXXX of her friends XXX were XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXX forms. Some XXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX by the XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XX have XXXXXX themselves (XXXXXXX, p.128).
The oppression was evident XXXX XXXX the elites leaving XXX country XXX instance XXX XXXXXXXXXX was killed in Taiwan XXXXX XXXXXXXXX a conference, he XXX a communist sympathizer and therefore XXXXXXXXXX a XXXXXX to the imperial government. The XXXXXXXXX were arrested and XXXXXXXX XXX days and XXXXX properties XXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXX who XXXXX not live XXXX XXX effects XX the XXXX (Huffman, p.129).
The rise of XXXXX laws
XXX XXXXXXXXXXX that formulated the XXXX XXXXXX it as a basis to revive XXXXX laws XXX XXXX new XXXX to XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX gain the XXXXX XX XXX masses. XXX instance, XXX ‘XXXX’ XXXXXXX upon the XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX peace XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX legislations XX XXXXXXX XXX issues in rural japan with a XXXXXXXX XXXXX XX the landlord and XXXXXXX XXXXXX, which XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX look like it XXX in the XXXXX of the XXXXXXX but resulted to favor the landowners and ensure XXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX. Another bill to XXXXXXXXXX XXX interest XX preservation laws was the XXXXX bill XXXX was revived XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX by workers in mind, this XXXX was formulated to XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXX to ensure XXX goal of XXXXXXXXXXX stability was achieved (Mitchell, p.XXX).
X shift in the power of the courts
XXX XXXXX XXXX XX XXX judicial system XXX the courts XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XX XX objective in XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX on those accused of going XXXXXXX the XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX, XXXX were to XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXX law and XXXXXXXXXXX give a XXXXXXX which would sometimes be XXXXXXX XX the rightist’s opinion. However, XXXX the XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX peace preservation XXXX, XXXXX’s position was slightly XXXXXXX given XXX inclusion XX XXX XXXX “XXXXXXX” which appealed to XXX XXXXXXX of every citizen of japan being interpreted as XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX and a spirit of patriotism that acknowledged XXX dominance XX the emperor (Ward, p.22).
With XXXX term included in XXX law, XXX XXXXXX were XXXXXX XX make rulings XXXX did XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX their XXXXXXXXXXXX XX a court but XXXX a verdict XXXX showed the XXXXXXX of “XXXXXXX”. The judge's XXXXX XXX, therefore, interfered with as, during trials on a XXXXXXXXX or an activist, XXX rightists would constantly be XXXXXXXX the XXXXX's action XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX truly XXXXXXXXXX the relevance of XXX XXXXXX of XXXXXXX to XXX country or not. XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX gave verdicts XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX position in the XXXX XX the imperial government (XXXXXXXX, p. XXX).
Displacement XX Japanese people
XXX imperial government was quite skeptical XX the XXXXXXXXXX of individuals within XXXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXX or member XX the XXXXX XXXXXX, this XXX XXXXXXXXXXX following an XXXXXXX on XXX XXXX of a prince. XXX XX XXXX a XXXXXXXXX in XXX of the XXXXXXX peace XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX required XXXX any XXXXXX living XXXX the XXXXXX XXX is suspected XX have XXXX negative intention XX banished from XXX XXXX. XXXX XXX XX XXX displacement of the XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX were near the XXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX XX possible activism XXX a plot against XXX XXXXX. In XXXX, XXXXXXX deportations were made with XXX individuals banished XXXX XXX city and XXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXX conduct XXXXXXXXX to XX involved XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX (XXXXXXX p.194).
The XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX peasants XXX rural areas
In the period where XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX laws XX XXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXX XX an XXXXXXXX that XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX of XXX emperor, those in XXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXX were XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX difficulties XXXX as a XXXXXX consequence of the XXXX while XXXX indirect XX a result XX an XXXXXXXXX XXXX making XXX XXX XXX work XX the XXXXXXXXXX that the XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX sidelined. For instance, XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXX issue XXXXXXX tenants XXX landowners XXXXX was staged XX the XXXXXXXXXXX to gain XXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX, those tenants living in XXXXX areas XXXX XXX impact XXX final XXXX had XX them considering XXXX were XXXXXX in poverty. They resorted to demonstrate and XXXXXX to XXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX of them.
The XXXXXX that XXXXXXXX led XX an unfortunate XXXXXXX for the tenants XX XXX XXXXX XXXXX in XXXXX of the XXXXXXXXXX and following XXXXXXX demonstration the tenants XXXX XXXXXXXX for XXXXXXX XXXXXX XX property XXX injuring the XXXXXX. XXXXX events XXXX XXXX a consequence of the XXXX XXX a cause XX further formulate more peace XXXXXXXXXXXX laws that would XXXXXX XXXXXX demonstrations (Hane p.XXX). the farmers in rural XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX's full XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXXX laws, agrarian XXXXXXXX XXXX unfavorable and XXX farmers suffered XXXX XXXXX in the XXXX XXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXXX with final XXXXXX XXXXX unfavorable XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX the efforts XXXX put in the XXXX. XXX Meiji government was XXXXX focused XX the XXXXXXX’s XXXXXXX XXXX a neglection XX the rural XXXXX where they did not XXX XXXX threat from XXXXXXXXXXX (Hane p.XX-33).
Drawback on XXXXXXXXX
XXX most significant XXXXXX of XXX peace preservation XXXX was XXX XXXX it played in hindering or XXXXXXX XXXX XXX full XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX. XXX XXXX were XXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXX XXXX loyalty XXX XX the XXXXXXXX government. This XXXXXXXXXX into events that XXXXXXXXXX with the XXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX by XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXX. XXX instance, XXXXX the law it was XXXXXXXX to detain an XXXXXXXXXX for XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX parties that XXXX opposed XX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXX in XXXXXXX of XXXXXXX of the communist party (Takenaka, p.55). XXX XXXXXXX point XX a democracy XX the ability XX XXXX XXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX of the XXXXXXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXX preservation XXXX made XXXX XXXXXXXXXX by enacting provisions that necessitated restrictions in XXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX parties (Takenaka, p.54).
XXXXXXX the period was XXXXX XXXXXXXX by the west XXXX democracy XXXXX XXX XX the key XXXXXXXX, the XXXXXXX in power played the XXXX XX show some adherence XX the XXXXXXXXXXXX of democracy by the west. To achieve this, XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XX each XXXXXX XX democracy with XXXXXXXX only made XX some XXXXXX and XXX XXXXX. XXXX resulted in a XXXXX of semi-XXXXXXXXX that XXXXXXXX the XXXX democratization of japan during the XXXXXX (Takenaka, p.59).
XXXXXXXXXX of women
XXX Meiji period was characterized XX XXX XXXXX of XXXXX XXXX the labor XXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXX embracing XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX by western XXXXXXXX and behavior. However, their affairs were not XXX that pleasant as they were XXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX in the factory and XXX XXXXXX where XXXX XXXXX as factory workers. They XXXX XXXX XXX wages XXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX on poor food that the factories XXXXXXXX XXX them. XX address XXXXX XXXXXXXX they staged a go-slow not XXXXXXX up XX work and writing to XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX the XXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXX through (Hane, p.196).
The XXXX XXXXXXXXX into XXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX further political agitation XXX the police XXXXXXXXXX using harsh measures XX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX to a XXXXX of locking XXX women outside their XXXXX quarters in XXXXX environmental XXXXXXXXXX (Hane, p.199). XXX government XXX XXXX on stopping any XXXX of activism political or otherwise XXX therefore they were XXX keen XX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX of the XXXXXXXX XXX XXX minorities causing suffering XXXXXXX these XXXXXXXXXXX (XXXX, p.200)
XXXXXXXXXX
The XXXXX preservation laws are made XX of XXXXX laws implemented in japan XX XXXXXXXXXX XX imperialism XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX evident in XXX XXXXXXX due XX the XXXXXXXX of the west. XXXXX laws gave XXXXXX to XXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXX any XXXXXXXX XXXX was XXXXXX XXXXXXXX due XX the threat it XXXXX XX the empire's regime (Horton et al, p.36). XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XX this include XXXXXXXXXX of women and XXX suffering of marginalized XXXXXX and activists, massive XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX XX facilitate police operations XXXXX others. The laws XXXX successful in XXXXXXXXXXX order XXXXXX XXX period however XX the XXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXX.
XXXX cited
XXXX, XXXXXX. XXXXXXXX, rebels, women, XXX outcastes: the XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX Japan. Rowman &XXX; Littlefield, 2016.
Horton, XXXXX, XXXXXXX XXX, XXX XXXXX XX. Japanese Imperialism: Politics and Sport in XXXX XXXX. XX. J. X. XXXXXX. Palgrave Macmillan, XXXX.
XXXXXXX, XXXXX X. "Modern Japan: a XXXXXXX in documents." XXX Catalogue (2010).
McClain, James X. Japan, a modern XXXXXXX. WW Norton & Company, XXXX.
XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX X. "XXXXX's XXXXX Preservation XXX XX XXXX: Its origins XXX significance." Monumenta XXXXXXXXX (XXXX): XXX-345.
XXXXXXXX, Harukata. XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX in Prewar Japan: Breakdown of a XXXXXX XXXXXX. Stanford XXXXXXXXXX Press, XXXX.
Tipton, Elise X. "Rectifying XXXXXX XXXXXX in interwar Japan." XXXXX, XXXXXXXX &XXX; Sociétés/XXXXX, History & XXXXXXXXX X.2 (XXXX): 133-148.
XXXX, Max X. Thought XXXXX: XXXXXXXX XXX State XXXXX in Interwar XXXXX. Duke XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX, 2019.