Gender Pay Gap in the Workplace
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Gender pay gap XXXXXX in almost XXX XXXXXXXXXXX. According to Nyhus and Pon’s (XXXX) XXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX increase in XXXXXXXXXXXXX of women’s labor in the workplace XXX the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX anti-discrimination policies, XXXXX's average income XX XXXXX lower XXXX men. XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXX XX the development of XXXXXXXXX the gender wage gap XXXXXXXXX XX the current XXXX, XX 2058 women XXX XXX XXX unlikely to XXXXXXX XXXXX XXX (XXXXXXXX, 2016). This paper XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX facts XX the XXXXXX wage gap XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX on XXX differences in XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX and women XXXXXXXXXX race, ethnicity, education and XXXXXXXXXX. Then it XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XX XXX gender wage gap, XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX and XXXXX families, and how policies can XXXX to XXXXX it.
XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX made at XXX end of the gender XXX XXX between XXX XXXXX XXX XXXXX, XXX XX XXXXXXX improvements XXXXXX in XXX past ten years (Costello, XXXX). In 2014, Costello illustrated that XXXXX who work XXXX-XXXX throughout XXX XXXX earn only XX percent XX XXX income XX all XXXXXX what XXX earned. XXX of XXX reasons for XXX XXXXXXXXX of XXX XXXXXX XXXX gap between XXX 1980s and XXXXX was XXX XXXXXXXXXXX stagnation of XXXX incomes, XXXXX XXXXX's XXXXXX continued XX grow from a XXXXX XXXX. However, in XXX XXXX ten years, women's income has not XXXXXXXXX (XXXXX & XXX 2012).
XXXXXXXXX to Nyhus XXX Pon’s (2012) XXXXXXXX, Hispanic XXX black women XXXX much less than XXXXXX XXX XXXXX women. In XXXX, Nyhus and XXX XXXXXX that XXX XXXXXXX difference in XXX XXXXXXX wage per week is Hispanic women, earning $548 a week, XXXX Sixty-one percent of white XXX's XXXXXX (about $897). XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX that XXX XXXXXX XXX XXX XXXXXXX American women is also XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX an average XXXXXX XXXXXX of $611, XXXXX-XXXXX percent of white XXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXX and XXXXX women and the XXXX wage XXX is smaller (XXXXXX-four percent) (eighty-two XXXXXXX) XXXXXXX XX its high average XXXXXX earnings XX $841 (for Asian XXXXX) XXX $XXX (white women; Hege Vecchi, Ellis, XXX XXXXXXXX, XXXX).
Differences in XXXX XXX ethnic XXXXXX XXXXXX reflect higher education XXXXXX of Asian and white XXXXX than African XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXX XXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX does XXX XXXXXXXXX income differences between XXXXX. In 2013, XXX XXXXXXX weekly income XX XXXXX XXXXX XXXX a bachelor's degree XXX $1157, XXXXXXXX XXXX $980 XXX white women, $XXX XXX XXXXXXX American XXXXX, and $XXX XXX XXXXXXXX women (Hege, XXXXXX, XXXXX, XXX Hartmann, XXXX).
XXXXXX XXXXXXX were XXXXX to XXXX counterparts at XXX beginning XX their career, XXX wage XXXXXXXXXXXXX increased over time
(Hege, XXXXXX, Ellis, and XXXXXXXX, XXXX).
XXXX XX to 34, women's weekly XXXXXX (full-XXXX workers) is XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX of XXXX income (XX Bureau of Labor XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX). XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX women age XXXXXXXX.
XXXX XXX U.S. XXXXXX of Labor Statistics showed
that XXX age XXXXXXX 35 XX XX years XXX female’ income XX the XX percent of XXX wage of male; XXX ages between 45 XXX 54 XXXXX old female’s XXXXXX accounted XXX XXXXX 77 XXXXXXX XX their XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX; 55-XX years old XXXXX’s income XXXX 76.4 percent XX the XXX (XXXX). The biggest responsibilities XXX this widening XXXXXX XXX are the family care XXXXXXXXX XXXX.
The United State Department XX Labor XXX XXX XXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XX close the wage gap XXXX exists between XXX XXXX and XXX female gender in their workplaces. The XXXXXX pay gap XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXX prejudice and XXXXXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX, in XXXX cases, XXXXXXX XXXXXX the XXXXX. Its causes XXX interrelated XXX complex. The constant XXXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXX working XXX and XXXXX in XXX US XXXXXXXXXX XX Labor XXXXXXXX an obstruction to XXX success XX women. The XXXXXXXXXXX XXX undervalue XX women XXXXX it XXXXXX XXX XXXX XX pay XXX their XXXXXXX XXXXX, take care XX XXXXX families and XXXX XXXXXXX for XXXXXXXXXX.
XXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXX the XXXXXX XXXX XXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX strengthen XXXXX XXX XXXX XX an important way XX reduce XXX gender pay XXX. Also, XXXXXXXXXXXXX should provide more XXXXXX to women enter the XXXX-XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. Moreover, XXXXXXX the minimum XXXX is a useful method to XXXXXXX the pay gap. Furthermore,XXX X.S. Bureau XX Labor Statistics XXXXXXXX thatXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXX women would XXXX XXXX XX narrow the pay XXX. Setting XX a XXXXXXXXXX XXXX-XXXXXX policies XX XXXX a significant method XX closing the XXXXXX XXXX gap, including paid family XXX medical XXXXX, earned sick days.
There XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX cause the XXXXXX XXXX gap. It XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, occupational XXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX caregivers. XXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX underestimates their capabilities XX work. It XXXXXX the women search small XXXXXXX jobs or the XXX XXXXXXX wages. In the XXXX few XXXXXXX, the XXXX XXXXXXXXXX who work out is males. Just a XXX female XXXX in the XXXXXXXXX, XXXXX fulfilled XXXX XXX. On the average, XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX less money XXXX the XXXX XXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, some careers XXXX less XXXXXXXXXXX to man. For example, XXX XXXX female who XXXX in the XXXXXXXXXX, which dominate XXX, have XX XXXX at least bachelors’ XXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX XX the XXXX XXXXXXXX in a XXXXX, XXX requirement for the XXXX to enter XXXX area has less than XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX. The other example XX the wage XX XXXXXXXXX salaries. For instance, the payment XX school teachers XXXXX majority population XX a XXXXX was XXXXX XXXX the civil XXXXXXXX XXXXX majority XXXXXXXXXX is XXXX. Because of XXXXXXXXX inequality, it XXXXXX XXX gender XXXX XXX.
In nowadays, XXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX as XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX. Because of XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, mothers XXXXX more twice XXX XXXX on XXXXX offspring XXXX XXX XXXXXXX do.
XXXXX and XXX (XXXX)XXXX the XXXX opinion.
They XXXXXXX that one XX the XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX is females. Some XXXXXX’s participants XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX they XXXX to take XXXX XX children, XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX members, they XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX losses. Some of them XXXX the opportunity on XXXXXXXXXX. XXXX XX them even XXXX their XXXX. XXXX XXXX show the evidence. XXX evidence XXXXXXX XXXX the more XXXX does female take care XX XXXXXX, XXX more XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX men and XXXXX the XXXXXX States face.
The wage XXX XXX a significant XXXXXX on XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX of women and families. The XXX XXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX in XXXXX areas, which are XXXXXXX, lost XXXXXXXX over a XXXXXXXX, retirement income gap, impact on XXX-XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, and single XXXXXX households(Hege, XXXXXX, Ellis, XXX Hartmann, 2015).
XXX XXXXXX XXXX gap XX XXX XXXX reason XXXX XXXXXX women’s XXXXXXX rate higher than men’s. There are XX% of women were XXXXXX in poverty, XXX just XX% XX XXXXXX living in poverty(XXXXXXXX XXXX). Besides, women’s lifetime XXXXXXXX were affected by the gender wage gap with a XXXXXXXXXX XXX. On XXX one hand, because of the XXXXXX XXXX gap, women’s lifetime XXXXXXXX are lower XXXX XXX’s. On XXX XXXXXXXX, because of many kinds of XXXXXXX, women XXXXXX’t work full XXXX XXXX people, XXX gap between XXX lifetime XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX women and XXX XX XXXXXXXX. Furthermore, the gender wage gap XXXX causes gender XXXXXXXXXX income XXX, the retirement XXXXXX XXXXX XXX are 65 or XXXXX XX $10418, but men’s is $13234(Costello 2016). Moreover, the XXXXXX wage XXX XXX a XXXXXX XXXXXX on XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, because XX the XXXXXX wage XXX, making it even harder for single XXXXXXX themselves and XXXXX families to provide economic security,and more XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX were living in poverty.
References
XXXXXXXX, B.C. (XXXX).
XXX Gender XXXX XXX and XXXXXX Policy. Briefing XXXXX, XXXX #XXXX. XXXXXXXXXX XX: Institute XXX Women’s XXXXXX XXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXXX, Ariane, Emily XXXXX, XXX Heidi Hartmann. XXXX. “The Gender Wage XXX: XXXX; XXXXXXXX Differences XX Race and XXXXXXXXX.”Fact XXXXX, XXXX #XXXX. Washington XX: XXXXXXXXX for XXXXX’s Policy Research. <XXXX://www.iwpr.XXX/XXXXXXXXXXXX/pubs/the-
gender-XXXX-XXX-2014-XXXXXXXX- differences-XX-race-XXX-ethnicity>
Nyhus, K. E., & XXXX, X. (2012). Personality and the XXXXXX XXXX XXX,XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, 44:X, 105-XXX.
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